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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The fundamental laws |
April 1906 tsar attempted to reassert his authority= promulgating the fundamental laws |
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The fundamental laws- the tsars powers |
- article 4 stated tsar had absolute god give autocratic power - tsar sole authority over army and foreign policy - article 87 tsar retained ‘supreme sovereign power’ meaning tsar make laws without consulting duma however they were given right to ratify laws - tsar could dissolve duma and call new elections any time |
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Fundamental laws- the duma |
- bicameral duma= lower house- elected by electorate of most Russian makes, upper house - known as ‘council of state’ partially appointed by tsar other appointed by institutions like Orthodox Church -upper house could veto laws proposed by lower house - guaranteed individuals rights to freedom of expression, assembly, conscience, to form political parties and press |
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Reaction to fundamental laws |
Failed to satisfy liberals : -limited duma power did not fulfil demands of liberals as did not have legislative power - liberals recognised promise of individual rights were basically meaningless SRs argued did nothing for land hunger n Lenin argued they would not limit oppression of working class |
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Radicalism of first duma |
Elected April 1906 largely made up of Octoberists n kadets n trudoviks SRs and factions of RSDLP boycotted election Radical demands = -universal suffrage -land reform - freedom for political prisoners Tsar dissolved duma after 73 days |
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Vyborg manifesto |
Led by kadets radicals from first duma fled to Finnish town of vyborg Issued open letter ‘vyborg manifesto’ calling on Russian people to refuse pay tax until duma was re established |
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Why vyborg manifesto fail |
But Russian workers n peasants did not support middle class kadets as middle class compromised with tsar late 1905 Manifesto failed to have impact n kadets who organised protest were imprisoned Failure of duma n vyborg led Russians to loose faith in liberal reform = kadets lost popular support and public opinion became polarised between revolutionaries n reactionaries |
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Second duma |
Elected 1906 filled with : - bolsheviks, Mensheviks and SRs took part -kadets lost considerable proportion -right wing party gained support Split between radicals n conservatives- Octoberists worked with stolypin to pass land reform but STs Bolshevik n Mensheviks rejected these reforms Police claimed Bolshevik members were encouraging mutinies- tsar used as pretext to dismiss duma after 3 months |
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Tsar and Dumas 1907 |
First two Dumas exposed limits of 1905/6 reforms as well as popular desire for greater economic political reform= undermines tsar authority by exposing nature of his government Stolypins solution= new electoral law which guaranteed conservative majority |
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Stolypin electoral law |
Created weighted voting system - restricting vote to the propertied classes But tsar didn’t dispense with duma all together to keep up appearances to other countries |
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Third n fourth duma |
Election of 1907 produced conservative dominated duma as stolypin hoped Third did not demand major reform n broadly supported stolypins policies= ‘stolypins duma’ ‘duma of the lords n lackeys’- lasted for full 5 years replaced by conservative fourth Duma in 1912 |
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Nicholas and duma |
In spite of conservative nature NII unwilling to cooperate as he recognised fundamental problems for autocratic rule: - undermines his authority as Duma claimed to represent the people -duma gave tsars opponents public position if authority to attack the tsar= leader of the the Octoberists attacked tsars dependency on Rasputin -duma conducted research and wrote reports on aspects of tsars rule |
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Nicholas and duma |
In spite of conservative nature NII unwilling to cooperate as he recognised fundamental problems for autocratic rule: - undermines his authority as Duma claimed to represent the people -duma gave tsars opponents public position if authority to attack the tsar= leader of the the Octoberists attacked tsars dependency on Rasputin -duma conducted research and wrote reports on aspects of tsars rule |
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Impact of the dumas |
3/4 duma able to initiate number of changes improving Russian government: - land captains replaced by more JPs= zemstvos able to reassert their authority - plan to establish universal primary education - some health n accident insurance programmes developed to help workers - some improvements to Russian armed forces implemented Successes of Duma problem for tsar as they suggested duma should play larger role in government= victories undermined tsars authority |
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Stolypins repression 1906-14 |
August 1906 stolypin declared state of emergency= formally suspending rights guaranteed by fundamental laws- allowing government to use terror against subjects: - officials given right to imprison without trail - military given power to dispense justice- lawyers n appeals banned in military courts which had the right to exile n execute |
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Nicholas and duma |
In spite of conservative nature NII unwilling to cooperate as he recognised fundamental problems for autocratic rule: - undermines his authority as Duma claimed to represent the people -duma gave tsars opponents public position if authority to attack the tsar= leader of the the Octoberists attacked tsars dependency on Rasputin -duma conducted research and wrote reports on aspects of tsars rule |
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Impact of the dumas |
3/4 duma able to initiate number of changes improving Russian government: - land captains replaced by more JPs= zemstvos able to reassert their authority - plan to establish universal primary education - some health n accident insurance programmes developed to help workers - some improvements to Russian armed forces implemented Successes of Duma problem for tsar as they suggested duma should play larger role in government= victories undermined tsars authority |
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Stolypins repression 1906-14 |
August 1906 stolypin declared state of emergency= formally suspending rights guaranteed by fundamental laws- allowing government to use terror against subjects: - officials given right to imprison without trail - military given power to dispense justice- lawyers n appeals banned in military courts which had the right to exile n execute |
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Scale of stolypins repression |
1906-10 courts found 37,620 guilty of political crimes- 8,649 sent to labour camps n 1,858 resettled in Siberia Prison population rose from 98,000 in 1905 to over 250,000 by 1913 ‘Stolypins wagon’ ‘stolypins necktie’ |
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Nicholas and duma |
In spite of conservative nature NII unwilling to cooperate as he recognised fundamental problems for autocratic rule: - undermines his authority as Duma claimed to represent the people -duma gave tsars opponents public position if authority to attack the tsar= leader of the the Octoberists attacked tsars dependency on Rasputin -duma conducted research and wrote reports on aspects of tsars rule |
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Impact of the dumas |
3/4 duma able to initiate number of changes improving Russian government: - land captains replaced by more JPs= zemstvos able to reassert their authority - plan to establish universal primary education - some health n accident insurance programmes developed to help workers - some improvements to Russian armed forces implemented Successes of Duma problem for tsar as they suggested duma should play larger role in government= victories undermined tsars authority |
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Stolypins repression 1906-14 |
August 1906 stolypin declared state of emergency= formally suspending rights guaranteed by fundamental laws- allowing government to use terror against subjects: - officials given right to imprison without trail - military given power to dispense justice- lawyers n appeals banned in military courts which had the right to exile n execute |
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Scale of stolypins repression |
1906-10 courts found 37,620 guilty of political crimes- 8,649 sent to labour camps n 1,858 resettled in Siberia Prison population rose from 98,000 in 1905 to over 250,000 by 1913 ‘Stolypins wagon’ ‘stolypins necktie’ |
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Actions against revolutionary parties 1906-7 |
Widespread n brutal- main method = putting revolutionaries on trial in military courts Revolutionaries responded: -SRs continued campaign of assassination= 1,126 government officials in 1906 - leaders fled Russia = Lenin Finland then Western Europe |
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Nicholas and duma |
In spite of conservative nature NII unwilling to cooperate as he recognised fundamental problems for autocratic rule: - undermines his authority as Duma claimed to represent the people -duma gave tsars opponents public position if authority to attack the tsar= leader of the the Octoberists attacked tsars dependency on Rasputin -duma conducted research and wrote reports on aspects of tsars rule |
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Impact of the dumas |
3/4 duma able to initiate number of changes improving Russian government: - land captains replaced by more JPs= zemstvos able to reassert their authority - plan to establish universal primary education - some health n accident insurance programmes developed to help workers - some improvements to Russian armed forces implemented Successes of Duma problem for tsar as they suggested duma should play larger role in government= victories undermined tsars authority |
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Stolypins repression 1906-14 |
August 1906 stolypin declared state of emergency= formally suspending rights guaranteed by fundamental laws- allowing government to use terror against subjects: - officials given right to imprison without trail - military given power to dispense justice- lawyers n appeals banned in military courts which had the right to exile n execute |
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Scale of stolypins repression |
1906-10 courts found 37,620 guilty of political crimes- 8,649 sent to labour camps n 1,858 resettled in Siberia Prison population rose from 98,000 in 1905 to over 250,000 by 1913 ‘Stolypins wagon’ ‘stolypins necktie’ |
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Actions against revolutionary parties 1906-7 |
Widespread n brutal- main method = putting revolutionaries on trial in military courts Revolutionaries responded: -SRs continued campaign of assassination= 1,126 government officials in 1906 - leaders fled Russia = Lenin Finland then Western Europe |
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Actions against revolutionary parties- 1907-14 |
Beginning of 1907 trusevich head of police established 8 regional security bureaus to target revolutionary parties= oversaw dissolution of 2nd Duma + arrest n prosecution of revolution elected to duma Mid 1907 trusevich policy of surveillance n subversion- tried to limit executions n disrupt revolutionary parties through infiltration = highly effective- official reports indicate trusevich n stolypin were convinced by 1908 their agents won battle against revolutionary parties |
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Nicholas and duma |
In spite of conservative nature NII unwilling to cooperate as he recognised fundamental problems for autocratic rule: - undermines his authority as Duma claimed to represent the people -duma gave tsars opponents public position if authority to attack the tsar= leader of the the Octoberists attacked tsars dependency on Rasputin -duma conducted research and wrote reports on aspects of tsars rule |
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Impact of the dumas |
3/4 duma able to initiate number of changes improving Russian government: - land captains replaced by more JPs= zemstvos able to reassert their authority - plan to establish universal primary education - some health n accident insurance programmes developed to help workers - some improvements to Russian armed forces implemented Successes of Duma problem for tsar as they suggested duma should play larger role in government= victories undermined tsars authority |
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Stolypins repression 1906-14 |
August 1906 stolypin declared state of emergency= formally suspending rights guaranteed by fundamental laws- allowing government to use terror against subjects: - officials given right to imprison without trail - military given power to dispense justice- lawyers n appeals banned in military courts which had the right to exile n execute |
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Scale of stolypins repression |
1906-10 courts found 37,620 guilty of political crimes- 8,649 sent to labour camps n 1,858 resettled in Siberia Prison population rose from 98,000 in 1905 to over 250,000 by 1913 ‘Stolypins wagon’ ‘stolypins necktie’ |
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Actions against revolutionary parties 1906-7 |
Widespread n brutal- main method = putting revolutionaries on trial in military courts Revolutionaries responded: -SRs continued campaign of assassination= 1,126 government officials in 1906 - leaders fled Russia = Lenin Finland then Western Europe |
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Actions against revolutionary parties- 1907-14 |
Beginning of 1907 trusevich head of police established 8 regional security bureaus to target revolutionary parties= oversaw dissolution of 2nd Duma + arrest n prosecution of revolution elected to duma Mid 1907 trusevich policy of surveillance n subversion- tried to limit executions n disrupt revolutionary parties through infiltration = highly effective- official reports indicate trusevich n stolypin were convinced by 1908 their agents won battle against revolutionary parties |
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Example of infiltration |
Evno azef- in 1909 SRs discovered that azef one of their most high profile leaders was a police informant By 1913 trusevich had 94 agents with revolutionary groups in st Petersburg alone |
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Nicholas and duma |
In spite of conservative nature NII unwilling to cooperate as he recognised fundamental problems for autocratic rule: - undermines his authority as Duma claimed to represent the people -duma gave tsars opponents public position if authority to attack the tsar= leader of the the Octoberists attacked tsars dependency on Rasputin -duma conducted research and wrote reports on aspects of tsars rule |
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Impact of the dumas |
3/4 duma able to initiate number of changes improving Russian government: - land captains replaced by more JPs= zemstvos able to reassert their authority - plan to establish universal primary education - some health n accident insurance programmes developed to help workers - some improvements to Russian armed forces implemented Successes of Duma problem for tsar as they suggested duma should play larger role in government= victories undermined tsars authority |
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Stolypins repression 1906-14 |
August 1906 stolypin declared state of emergency= formally suspending rights guaranteed by fundamental laws- allowing government to use terror against subjects: - officials given right to imprison without trail - military given power to dispense justice- lawyers n appeals banned in military courts which had the right to exile n execute |
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Scale of stolypins repression |
1906-10 courts found 37,620 guilty of political crimes- 8,649 sent to labour camps n 1,858 resettled in Siberia Prison population rose from 98,000 in 1905 to over 250,000 by 1913 ‘Stolypins wagon’ ‘stolypins necktie’ |
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Actions against revolutionary parties 1906-7 |
Widespread n brutal- main method = putting revolutionaries on trial in military courts Revolutionaries responded: -SRs continued campaign of assassination= 1,126 government officials in 1906 - leaders fled Russia = Lenin Finland then Western Europe |
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Actions against revolutionary parties- 1907-14 |
Beginning of 1907 trusevich head of police established 8 regional security bureaus to target revolutionary parties= oversaw dissolution of 2nd Duma + arrest n prosecution of revolution elected to duma Mid 1907 trusevich policy of surveillance n subversion- tried to limit executions n disrupt revolutionary parties through infiltration = highly effective- official reports indicate trusevich n stolypin were convinced by 1908 their agents won battle against revolutionary parties |
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Example of infiltration |
Evno azef- in 1909 SRs discovered that azef one of their most high profile leaders was a police informant By 1913 trusevich had 94 agents with revolutionary groups in st Petersburg alone |
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Stolypins repression- middle class reaction n police failings |
Octoberists n right wing parties supported repression even some liberal cooperated as didn’t want to slide into anarchy Police broadly effective at disrupting revolutionary parties they failed to stamp out revolutionary newspapers= fundamental laws effectively created free press 1912 Bolshevik founded pravada n Mensheviks founded Luch - police attempted to close pravada 8 times between 1912-14 |
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Stolypins reforms -good |
Understood making peasants small landholders would strengthen government: -Prevent support for revolutionary parties in order to protect property - limited land reform= agriculture more productive |
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Stolypins reforms -good |
Understood making peasants small landholders would strengthen government: -Prevent support for revolutionary parties in order to protect property - limited land reform= agriculture more productive |
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Stolypins land reform- 1906 reforms |
- made it easier for peasants to break away from communes n establish independent farms - encouraged peasant land bank to give more loans to peasants to buy land n equipment - provided incentives n gov loans for peasants to move to land not farmed= Siberia |
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Stolypins reforms -good |
Understood making peasants small landholders would strengthen government: -Prevent support for revolutionary parties in order to protect property - limited land reform= agriculture more productive |
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Stolypins land reform- 1906 reforms |
- made it easier for peasants to break away from communes n establish independent farms - encouraged peasant land bank to give more loans to peasants to buy land n equipment - provided incentives n gov loans for peasants to move to land not farmed= Siberia |
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Stolypins reforms- emigration to Siberia |
Conditions in much of Siberia = difficult but rich in minerals n south west large amount of potential farmland Introduced incentives like: Free land Interest free loans Cheapest rail travel to Siberia Initiated publicity campaign to encourage peasants to move |
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Stolypins reforms -good |
Understood making peasants small landholders would strengthen government: -Prevent support for revolutionary parties in order to protect property - limited land reform= agriculture more productive |
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Stolypins land reform- 1906 reforms |
- made it easier for peasants to break away from communes n establish independent farms - encouraged peasant land bank to give more loans to peasants to buy land n equipment - provided incentives n gov loans for peasants to move to land not farmed= Siberia |
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Stolypins reforms- emigration to Siberia |
Conditions in much of Siberia = difficult but rich in minerals n south west large amount of potential farmland Introduced incentives like: Free land Interest free loans Cheapest rail travel to Siberia Initiated publicity campaign to encourage peasants to move |
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Successes of stolypins land reform |
- 1905 20% peasants owned land increased to 50% by 1915 -agricultural production increased from 45.9 million tonnes in 1906 to 61.7 million tonnes in 1913 -between 1906-14 25 % peasants left the mirs -1906-13 3.5 mill set up home in Siberia - agricultural use of tools increased production |
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Stolypins reforms -good |
Understood making peasants small landholders would strengthen government: -Prevent support for revolutionary parties in order to protect property - limited land reform= agriculture more productive |
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Stolypins land reform- 1906 reforms |
- made it easier for peasants to break away from communes n establish independent farms - encouraged peasant land bank to give more loans to peasants to buy land n equipment - provided incentives n gov loans for peasants to move to land not farmed= Siberia |
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Stolypins reforms- emigration to Siberia |
Conditions in much of Siberia = difficult but rich in minerals n south west large amount of potential farmland Introduced incentives like: Free land Interest free loans Cheapest rail travel to Siberia Initiated publicity campaign to encourage peasants to move |
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Successes of stolypins land reform |
- 1905 20% peasants owned land increased to 50% by 1915 -agricultural production increased from 45.9 million tonnes in 1906 to 61.7 million tonnes in 1913 -between 1906-14 25 % peasants left the mirs -1906-13 3.5 mill set up home in Siberia - agricultural use of tools increased production |
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Failures of land reforms |
- majority of peasants who accepted incentives located in more prosperous areas of Russia - limited impact in cities - social degradation |
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Last years of peace- unionisation |
1906 -14 workers increasingly unionised Sporadic strikes from 1906-11 increasing significantly in 1912-14 |
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Last years of peace- unionisation |
1906 -14 workers increasingly unionised Sporadic strikes from 1906-11 increasing significantly in 1912-14 |
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Last years of peace- lena goldfields massacre- causes |
Workers series of long term grievances as while lenzoloto mining company provided workers with some benefits housing n food were low quality + working day was 11 hours Serving rotten horse meat in canteen triggered strike |
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Last years of peace- unionisation |
1906 -14 workers increasingly unionised Sporadic strikes from 1906-11 increasing significantly in 1912-14 |
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Last years of peace- lena goldfields massacre- causes |
Workers series of long term grievances as while lenzoloto mining company provided workers with some benefits housing n food were low quality + working day was 11 hours Serving rotten horse meat in canteen triggered strike |
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Demands of Lena goldfields |
- 8hr working day - sick pay -30 % wage increase - paid overtime - better Quality food - respect Owners refused |
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Last years of peace- unionisation |
1906 -14 workers increasingly unionised Sporadic strikes from 1906-11 increasing significantly in 1912-14 |
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Last years of peace- lena goldfields massacre- causes |
Workers series of long term grievances as while lenzoloto mining company provided workers with some benefits housing n food were low quality + working day was 11 hours Serving rotten horse meat in canteen triggered strike |
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Demands of Lena goldfields |
- 8hr working day - sick pay -30 % wage increase - paid overtime - better Quality food - respect Owners refused |
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Massacre of Lena goldfields |
Leaders of miners were politically moderate refusing violence n repeatedly stating they were willing to compromise but mine managers asked police n army to break up strike Initially just arrested strikes leaders. Responded with protest march army opened fire on unarmed miners killing 172 n similar number of injuries |
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Last years of peace- unionisation |
1906 -14 workers increasingly unionised Sporadic strikes from 1906-11 increasing significantly in 1912-14 |
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Last years of peace- lena goldfields massacre- causes |
Workers series of long term grievances as while lenzoloto mining company provided workers with some benefits housing n food were low quality + working day was 11 hours Serving rotten horse meat in canteen triggered strike |
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Demands of Lena goldfields |
- 8hr working day - sick pay -30 % wage increase - paid overtime - better Quality food - respect Owners refused |
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Massacre of Lena goldfields |
Leaders of miners were politically moderate refusing violence n repeatedly stating they were willing to compromise but mine managers asked police n army to break up strike Initially just arrested strikes leaders. Responded with protest march army opened fire on unarmed miners killing 172 n similar number of injuries |
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Aftermath of Lena goldfields |
Caused outrage. Press n politicians like Octoberists n kadets condemned massacre Did not lead to significant improvements to conditions in Lena goldfields as lenzoloto company just employed from China n Korea Turning point for union movement= from 1912-14 movment moe assertive n strikes increased = 1912- 750,000 1914 jan to July - 1,450,000 Female tobacco n textile workers were some of most radical |
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Nature of tsarist gov in 1914 |
Octoberists claimed tsar was part of constitutional gov- socialists disagreed arguing remained autocracy Evidence of this= powers of duma minimal n stolypins state of emergency
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Impact of WW1- army strength |
Largest in Europe- 1.4 mill n 3 mill reservists Reforms in 1908 were based on comprehensive ten yr programme to modernise 1913 minister of war Vladimir sukhomlinov ‘grand plan’ proposed offensive strategy to secure Russia’s western borders |
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Impact of WW1- army strength |
Largest in Europe- 1.4 mill n 3 mill reservists Reforms in 1908 were based on comprehensive ten yr programme to modernise 1913 minister of war Vladimir sukhomlinov ‘grand plan’ proposed offensive strategy to secure Russia’s western borders |
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Impact of WW1 - problems in army |
Incompetent generals due to nepotism Soldiers least educated of any European army Industry still undeveloped relative to Europe thus Russian arms were comparatively inefficient Modernisation plans ready for 1917 not 1914 Tsar authorised programme of naval expansion in 1906 taking up large part of military-budget n faced no major naval threats during war |
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Impact of WW1- army strength |
Largest in Europe- 1.4 mill n 3 mill reservists Reforms in 1908 were based on comprehensive ten yr programme to modernise 1913 minister of war Vladimir sukhomlinov ‘grand plan’ proposed offensive strategy to secure Russia’s western borders |
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Impact of WW1 - problems in army |
Incompetent generals due to nepotism Soldiers least educated of any European army Industry still undeveloped relative to Europe thus Russian arms were comparatively inefficient Modernisation plans ready for 1917 not 1914 Tsar authorised programme of naval expansion in 1906 taking up large part of military-budget n faced no major naval threats during war |
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Course of WW1 |
Exposed weaknesses of army Initial victories short lived n great retreat in 1915 n ‘brusilov offensive ended in failure Changed name to Petrograd in 1914 |
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Impact of WW1- army strength |
Largest in Europe- 1.4 mill n 3 mill reservists Reforms in 1908 were based on comprehensive ten yr programme to modernise 1913 minister of war Vladimir sukhomlinov ‘grand plan’ proposed offensive strategy to secure Russia’s western borders |
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Impact of WW1 - problems in army |
Incompetent generals due to nepotism Soldiers least educated of any European army Industry still undeveloped relative to Europe thus Russian arms were comparatively inefficient Modernisation plans ready for 1917 not 1914 Tsar authorised programme of naval expansion in 1906 taking up large part of military-budget n faced no major naval threats during war |
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Course of WW1 |
Exposed weaknesses of army Initial victories short lived n great retreat in 1915 n ‘brusilov offensive ended in failure Changed name to Petrograd in 1914 |
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WW1- inflation n food shortages |
1917 inflation reached 200% n food prices like flour up 500% By jan 1917 Petrograd only recieved 48% of total grain requirements Army forced to reduce rations from 4000 to 2000 calories a day |
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Impact of WW1- army strength |
Largest in Europe- 1.4 mill n 3 mill reservists Reforms in 1908 were based on comprehensive ten yr programme to modernise 1913 minister of war Vladimir sukhomlinov ‘grand plan’ proposed offensive strategy to secure Russia’s western borders |
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Impact of WW1 - problems in army |
Incompetent generals due to nepotism Soldiers least educated of any European army Industry still undeveloped relative to Europe thus Russian arms were comparatively inefficient Modernisation plans ready for 1917 not 1914 Tsar authorised programme of naval expansion in 1906 taking up large part of military-budget n faced no major naval threats during war |
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Course of WW1 |
Exposed weaknesses of army Initial victories short lived n great retreat in 1915 n ‘brusilov offensive ended in failure Changed name to Petrograd in 1914 |
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WW1- inflation n food shortages |
1917 inflation reached 200% n food prices like flour up 500% By jan 1917 Petrograd only recieved 48% of total grain requirements Army forced to reduce rations from 4000 to 2000 calories a day |
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WW1- urbanisation |
Growth of war economy meant more employment in factories- 1914-17 Petrograd pop rose from 2.1 million to nearly 3 million |
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Impact of WW1- army strength |
Largest in Europe- 1.4 mill n 3 mill reservists Reforms in 1908 were based on comprehensive ten yr programme to modernise 1913 minister of war Vladimir sukhomlinov ‘grand plan’ proposed offensive strategy to secure Russia’s western borders |
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Impact of WW1 - problems in army |
Incompetent generals due to nepotism Soldiers least educated of any European army Industry still undeveloped relative to Europe thus Russian arms were comparatively inefficient Modernisation plans ready for 1917 not 1914 Tsar authorised programme of naval expansion in 1906 taking up large part of military-budget n faced no major naval threats during war |
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Course of WW1 |
Exposed weaknesses of army Initial victories short lived n great retreat in 1915 n ‘brusilov offensive ended in failure Changed name to Petrograd in 1914 |
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WW1- inflation n food shortages |
1917 inflation reached 200% n food prices like flour up 500% By jan 1917 Petrograd only recieved 48% of total grain requirements Army forced to reduce rations from 4000 to 2000 calories a day |
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WW1- urbanisation |
Growth of war economy meant more employment in factories- 1914-17 Petrograd pop rose from 2.1 million to nearly 3 million |
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WW1 munitions crisis |
Assumed short war so not stockpiles weapons + Russian industry lacked capacity to produce sufficient quantities By mid 1915 shortage so bad artillery units limited to 3 shells per day = military set backs |
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Impact of WW1- army strength |
Largest in Europe- 1.4 mill n 3 mill reservists Reforms in 1908 were based on comprehensive ten yr programme to modernise 1913 minister of war Vladimir sukhomlinov ‘grand plan’ proposed offensive strategy to secure Russia’s western borders |
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Impact of WW1 - problems in army |
Incompetent generals due to nepotism Soldiers least educated of any European army Industry still undeveloped relative to Europe thus Russian arms were comparatively inefficient Modernisation plans ready for 1917 not 1914 Tsar authorised programme of naval expansion in 1906 taking up large part of military-budget n faced no major naval threats during war |
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Course of WW1 |
Exposed weaknesses of army Initial victories short lived n great retreat in 1915 n ‘brusilov offensive ended in failure Changed name to Petrograd in 1914 |
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WW1- inflation n food shortages |
1917 inflation reached 200% n food prices like flour up 500% By jan 1917 Petrograd only recieved 48% of total grain requirements Army forced to reduce rations from 4000 to 2000 calories a day |
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WW1- urbanisation |
Growth of war economy meant more employment in factories- 1914-17 Petrograd pop rose from 2.1 million to nearly 3 million |
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WW1 munitions crisis |
Assumed short war so not stockpiles weapons + Russian industry lacked capacity to produce sufficient quantities By mid 1915 shortage so bad artillery units limited to 3 shells per day = military set backs |
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WW1 transport crisis |
By 1916 575 stations no longer capable of handling freight= archangel a northern port great pile up of undistributed goods they sank into the ground |
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Impact of WW1- army strength |
Largest in Europe- 1.4 mill n 3 mill reservists Reforms in 1908 were based on comprehensive ten yr programme to modernise 1913 minister of war Vladimir sukhomlinov ‘grand plan’ proposed offensive strategy to secure Russia’s western borders |
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Impact of WW1 - problems in army |
Incompetent generals due to nepotism Soldiers least educated of any European army Industry still undeveloped relative to Europe thus Russian arms were comparatively inefficient Modernisation plans ready for 1917 not 1914 Tsar authorised programme of naval expansion in 1906 taking up large part of military-budget n faced no major naval threats during war |
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Course of WW1 |
Exposed weaknesses of army Initial victories short lived n great retreat in 1915 n ‘brusilov offensive ended in failure Changed name to Petrograd in 1914 |
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WW1- inflation n food shortages |
1917 inflation reached 200% n food prices like flour up 500% By jan 1917 Petrograd only recieved 48% of total grain requirements Army forced to reduce rations from 4000 to 2000 calories a day |
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WW1- urbanisation |
Growth of war economy meant more employment in factories- 1914-17 Petrograd pop rose from 2.1 million to nearly 3 million |
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WW1 munitions crisis |
Assumed short war so not stockpiles weapons + Russian industry lacked capacity to produce sufficient quantities By mid 1915 shortage so bad artillery units limited to 3 shells per day = military set backs |
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WW1 transport crisis |
By 1916 575 stations no longer capable of handling freight= archangel a northern port great pile up of undistributed goods they sank into the ground |
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WW1- Alexander n Rasputin |
1915 tsar became commander in chief of army because of disaster of army retreating from Russian Poland= rumours tsarina running gov - tsarina born in Germany rumours German agent - rumours of being under control of Rasputin |
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WW1 ministerial leapfrog + murder of Rasputin |
1916 group of aristocracy murdered Rasputin to stop scandal but failed to change public opinion Tsarina n Rasputin accuses of giving jobs to favo |
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WW1 Zemgor |
Organisation that coordinated voluntary support for the war effort Work included: Production of uniforms medicine n munitions Distribution of food Medical care Headed by Prince lvov member of kadets Well organised n efficient but resources were limited= only contributed to 5% of resources needed
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WW1 Zemgor |
Organisation that coordinated voluntary support for the war effort Work included: Production of uniforms medicine n munitions Distribution of food Medical care Headed by Prince lvov member of kadets Well organised n efficient but resources were limited= only contributed to 5% of resources needed
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WW1 progressive bloc |
Political alliance of duma deputies united by desire for constitutional reform Summer 1915 recalled duma after mounting pressure- majority of deputies 236 of 442 formed progressive bloc. Demanded ‘government of confidence’ which could manage war effectively |
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WW1 Zemgor |
Organisation that coordinated voluntary support for the war effort Work included: Production of uniforms medicine n munitions Distribution of food Medical care Headed by Prince lvov member of kadets Well organised n efficient but resources were limited= only contributed to 5% of resources needed
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WW1 progressive bloc |
Political alliance of duma deputies united by desire for constitutional reform Summer 1915 recalled duma after mounting pressure- majority of deputies 236 of 442 formed progressive bloc. Demanded ‘government of confidence’ which could manage war effectively |
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Tsars response to progressive bloc and zemgor |
Refused to collaborate Believed duma had no right in role of government dismissing it less than a month since it reassembled |
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WW1 Tsars withdrawal from government |
Tsar became increasingly unpopular even duma moderates were critical when fourth Duma reassembled in feb 1916 Tsar withdrew from government relocating to military headquarters in stavka relying on unpopular n incompetent ministers to supervise civilian population n economy |
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WW1 Tsars withdrawal from government |
Tsar became increasingly unpopular even duma moderates were critical when fourth Duma reassembled in feb 1916 Tsar withdrew from government relocating to military headquarters in stavka relying on unpopular n incompetent ministers to supervise civilian population n economy |
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Feb revolution- urban unrest |
Value of workers wages cut in half by 1916 even Petrograd which received large investments durning war wages were still 20% lower in real terms than in 1914 Millions of refugees arrived placing strain Strikes increased 1914- 10,000 1916- 880,000 |
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WW1 Tsars withdrawal from government |
Tsar became increasingly unpopular even duma moderates were critical when fourth Duma reassembled in feb 1916 Tsar withdrew from government relocating to military headquarters in stavka relying on unpopular n incompetent ministers to supervise civilian population n economy |
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Feb revolution- urban unrest |
Value of workers wages cut in half by 1916 even Petrograd which received large investments durning war wages were still 20% lower in real terms than in 1914 Millions of refugees arrived placing strain Strikes increased 1914- 10,000 1916- 880,000 |
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Feb revolution- unrest in countryside |
Conscripted in large numbers Horses n grain requisitioned Grain prices kept low n with rising inflation standards of living dropped Tsar didn’t do anything believing he could survive large scale unrest even tho okhrana n police were well aware of it |
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Feb revolution international women’s day |
Gov announced bread ration from March leading to panic buying food shortages n strikes 23rd thousands of women took to streets of Petrograd to celebrate Female workers in Petrograd major textile factories went on strike to protest bread rationing |
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Feb revolution international women’s day |
Gov announced bread ration from March leading to panic buying food shortages n strikes 23rd thousands of women took to streets of Petrograd to celebrate Female workers in Petrograd major textile factories went on strike to protest bread rationing |
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WW1 general strike in Petrograd |
25th 200,000 protesting Established soviets to put forward their demands Cossack troops refused to put down rebellion- reports reached tsar his own troops handing out rifles n bread to people of Petrograd |
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Provisional committee n Petrograd soviet |
Late feb Tsar gov lost control of the capital- 2 new organisations= - provisional committee= 12 members of duma formed emergency to keep gov going - Petrograd soviet= committee of workers formed to coordinates strikes and formulate demands of the workers |
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Provisional committee n Petrograd soviet |
Late feb Tsar gov lost control of the capital- 2 new organisations= - provisional committee= 12 members of duma formed emergency to keep gov going - Petrograd soviet= committee of workers formed to coordinates strikes and formulate demands of the workers |
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Order number 1 |
March 1 Petrograd soviet demonstrated authority by issuing order number 1- directed at army = orders to democratises army giving soldiers power to elect own officers Though had no legal authority majority of Russian army obeyed it = de facto authority of duma and ended authority of tsar and his generals |
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Provisional committee n Petrograd soviet |
Late feb Tsar gov lost control of the capital- 2 new organisations= - provisional committee= 12 members of duma formed emergency to keep gov going - Petrograd soviet= committee of workers formed to coordinates strikes and formulate demands of the workers |
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Order number 1 |
March 1 Petrograd soviet demonstrated authority by issuing order number 1- directed at army = orders to democratises army giving soldiers power to elect own officers Though had no legal authority majority of Russian army obeyed it = de facto authority of duma and ended authority of tsar and his generals |
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Actions of provisional committee |
Key members convinced important generals military intervention could ignite civil war= last days of feb rev army did not attempt to put down revolution in capital Order no 1 weakened tsar so rodzianko one of leading figures in duma saw opportunity to remove tsar= encouraged general Nikolai ruzsky to encourage him to resign |
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Middle class n the tsar |
Middle class unwilling to support the tsar During 1915 factory owners prospered due to gov contracts to produce munitions but middle class saw monarchy as corrupt blaming tsar for failures of 1915 Supported new provisional committee hoping for more effective democratic government |
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Middle class n the tsar |
Middle class unwilling to support the tsar During 1915 factory owners prospered due to gov contracts to produce munitions but middle class saw monarchy as corrupt blaming tsar for failures of 1915 Supported new provisional committee hoping for more effective democratic government |
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Abdication of NII |
Agreed to abdicate on March 2 for himself and his son As he recognised loss of support of elite: - senior generals indicated they were not willing to support him - middle class lost faith in the tsar Military leaders n middle class united in war effort= build on limited success of brusilov offensive n work through zemgor to solve munitions crisis thus tsar was an obstacle to success |
