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129 Cards in this Set
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Fraud's stages are Psychosexual, while Erikson's stages are:
A. Psychometric B. Psychodiagnostic C. Psychopharmacological D. Psychosocial |
D. Psychosocial |
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In Freudian theory, instincts are emphasized, Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists believe:
A. Emphasize Id processes B. Refute the concept of the Superego C. Believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior D. Are sometimes known as radical behaviorists |
C. Believe In man's power of reasoning to control behavior.
Ego is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning. |
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The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was?
A. Erik Erikson B. Milton H. Erikson C. A. A. Brill D. Jean Piaget |
A. Erik Erikson
*Created 8 stages in which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis or turning point.
*Final stage does not begin until age 60. |
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The statement "the ego is dependant on the I'd," would most likely reflect the work of?
A. Erik Erikson B. Sigmund Freud C. Jay Haley D. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan |
B. Feud |
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What is dualistic thinking |
Usually utilized by teens (good or bad) *referred to as black or white thinking with virtually no ambiguity |
Perry's theory |
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Perry's theory or relativistic thinking |
The individual has the ability to perceive that not everything is "right or wrong " an answer can exist relative to a specific situation *more than one way to view the world |
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Robert Kegan's theory - adult cognitive development |
Stresses interpersonal development *a "constructive model of development, meaning that individual's construct reality throughout the lifespan " |
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Jean piaget's theory has 4 stages, list the correct order:
A. Formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor B. Formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor C. Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations D. Concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations |
C. Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
*Jean was adamant that the order remains the same for any culture although ages may vary |
The first stage focuses on senses, as we grow older we become more formal |
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Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Jean Piaget's developmental research in as much as:
A. He utilized the t test too frequency B. He failed to check for type 1 or alpha errors C. He worked primarily with minority children D. His findings were often derived from observing his own children |
D. His findings were often derived from observing his own children |
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According to Piaget, in what order do children master conservation? |
Mass, weight, volume
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*mv as in mvp most (valuable player) M or mass comes first, V final letter, With w squeezed in between |
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A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that the small pitcher has less, the child has not yet mastered..
A. Symbolic schema B. Conservation C. Androgynous psychosocial issues D. Trust vs. mistrust |
B. Conservation
*conservation is weight, mass, volume remains the same, even if shape changes
*conservation and count mentally occur during concrete operational stage |
They start with "c" ( conservation, count, concrete) |
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A child matters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as:
A. Formal operations (12 years or older) B. Concrete operations (ages 7-11) C. Preoperations (ages 2-7) D. Sensorimotor intelligence (birth -2yrs) |
B. Concrete operations (ages 7-11) |
Conservation begins with C, so does concrete |
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___ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development.
A. Erik Erikson B. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. John B. Watson |
C. Lawrence Kohlberg
* he was leading theorist in moral development |
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Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget stating that development stages do not.. |
Take place naturally *he insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention |
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Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow theories are considered to be epigenetic. Epigenetic is.. |
Biological term. States that each stage emerges from the one before it. |
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John B. Watson cined the term |
Behaviorism... In 1912. |
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According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the 3rd stage (concrete operations). This notion suggests.. A. The heavier Objects are more difficult for a child to lift. B. The child is ambidextrous. C. The child is more cognizant of mass than weight. D. One can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. |
D. One can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. |
Define reversibility |
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During a thunderstorm, a 6 yr old in piaget's stage of preoperational thought says, "the rain is following me. " This is an example of.. A. Egocentrism B. Conservation C. Centration D. Abstract thought |
A. Egocentrism |
Not implying the child is self centered. Instead, it conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else. |
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Lawrence Kohlberg suggested... A. A single level of morality B. Two levels of morality C. Three levels of morality D. Preoperational thought as the basis for all morality |
C. 3 levels of morality
*theory has 3 levels of morality: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Each level can be broken down into 2 stages each |
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The father of Analytic psychology |
C.G. Jung |
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Father of psychoanalysis is... |
Freud |
Psycho ass |
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The Heinz story is to Kohlberg's theory as... A. A brick is to a house B. Freud is to jung C. The Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback D. A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered |
D. A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered
* the Heinz story is a method used by Kohlberg to assess level and stage of moral development |
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The term ' identity crisis' comes from the work of..
A. Counselors who stress RS involvement issues with a client B. Erikson C. Adler D. Jung |
B. Erikson
*in attempt to find out who they really are, teens will experiment with various roles |
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The founder of individual psychology |
Alfred Adler |
Stresses the inferiority complex |
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What is positive psychology,and who coined the term? |
Study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, ability to love,happiness. Coined by Abraham Maslow |
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Kohlberg's 3 levels of morality are.. A. Preconventional, conventional, postconventional B. Formal performance, self accepted C. Self accepted, other directed, authority directed D. Preconventional, formal, authority directed |
A. Preconventional, conventional,postconventional |
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Preconventional stage of morality |
Child responds to consequences Reward &punishment influence behavior |
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Conventional stage of morality |
Individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and nation |
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Postconventional stage of morality |
Self accepted morality Person is concerned with Universal, ethical, principles of justice, dignity, and equality. |
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Trust vs. mistrust is? A. An Adlerian notion of morality B. Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development C. Essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism D. The basis of morality according to Kohlberg |
B. Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development |
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Harry Stack Sullivan's theory 'psychiatry of interpersonal relations' - what are the stages? |
Infancy Childhood Juvenile era Preadolescence Early adolescence Late adolescence |
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A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final stage, which is.. A. Generativity vs. stagnation B. Initiative vs. guilt C. Identity crisis of the lawyer years D. Integrity vs. depair |
D. Integrity vs. depair
Begins at age 60, when previous stages are mastered, a person will feel a sense of integrity, and their life had been worthwhile. |
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In Kohlberg's 1st or preconventional level the individual's behavior is guided by.. A. Psychosexual urges B. Consequences C. Periodic fugue states D. Counterconditioning |
B. Consequences
(rewards & punishments) |
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Periodic fugue states... |
Refers to a person who experiences memory loss (amnesia) and leaves home. Often with intention of changing identity. |
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Counter conditioning |
Behavioristic technique The goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger more desirable response |
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Kohlberg's highest level of morality (postconventional) morality. Here the individual... A. Must truly contend with psychosexual urges B. Had the so called "good boy /good girl " orientation C. Had self imposed morals and ethics D. A and b |
C. Has self imposed morals and ethics |
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Kohlberg's 2nd level of morality is known as conventional morality. It is characterized by.. A. Psychosexual urges B. A desire to live up to society's expectations C. A desire to confirm D. B and c |
D. Desire to confirm, and live up to society's expectations |
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According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional moral principles? A. Refers to the Naive Hedonism stage B. Operates on the premise that rewards guide morals C. A and b D. Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level |
D. Highest level of morality, however some people never reach this level. |
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What is native hedonism? |
Refers to stage 2 of Kohlberg's level of morals Ex. Child believes "if I am nice to others, they will be nice to me, and I'll get what I want" |
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The zone of proximal development: A. Was pioneered by lev Vygotsky B. Was pioneered by Piaget and Kohlberg C. Emphasized organ inferiority D. A, b, and c. |
A. Was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky |
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The zone of proximal development is |
The difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. performance with a teacher |
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John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with A. The work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist B. Developmental stage theories C. Bonding and attachment D. The unconscious mind |
C. Bonding & attachment |
Bowlby's last name begins with "b" so does bonding |
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In which Erikson's stage does the midlife crisis occur? A. Generativity vs. stagnation B. Integrity vs. despair C. A and b D. Erikson's stages do not address mid life issues |
A. Generative vs. stagnation |
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What is symbiosis? |
A child's absolute dependance on the female care taker. Difficulties in the symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis. |
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The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in Rhesus Monkeys: A. Harry Harlow B. John Bowlby C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. All of the above |
A. Harry Harlow
Learned Monkeys placed in isolation developed autistic behavior |
Harry = hairy monkeys |
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The statement: "males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations " is... A. False B. True due to a genetic flaw commonly found in women C. True only in middle aged men D. True according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin |
D. True, according to research by Maccoby & Jacklin
Superiority of males in math was not until high school |
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The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person, is... A. Actually the major theme in all of Erikson's 8 stages B. Generativity vs. stagnation C. Intimacy vs. isolation D. A critical factor erosion fails to mention |
C. Intimacy vs. isolation
Be aware - if person fails this stage, they may believe that cannot depend on anyone but themselves. |
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We often refer to individuals as conformists, which of these individuals would most likely conform to their peers? A. A 19 yr old male college student B. 23 yr old male drummer in a rock band C. A 57 yr old female stockbroker D. A 13 yr old male middle school student |
D. A 13 yr old male middle school student
Conformity often peaks in teens (early teens) |
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In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys... |
Baby monkeys were more likely to cling to a terrycloth mother surrogate than a wire mother surrogate. "contact comfort" |
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Freud's structural theory of the mind |
Id, Ego, Superego |
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Suicide in adolescence.. A. Females commit suicide more than males B. Suicide is a concern but statistically very rare C. The teens who talk about suicide are not serious D. Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often |
D. Males complete suicide more often than females, females attempt more often - across all age brackets. |
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Suicide in the general population A. The suicide rate is 2/100,000 B. Suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts C. Suicide rates tend to increase with age D. B and c |
C. Suicide rates tend to increase with age |
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The fear of death: A. Is greatest during middle age B. Is an almost exclusively male phenomenon C. Is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years D. Surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years |
A. Greatest during middle age
(Erikson) |
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In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor: A. In the preconscious mind B. In the mid of the child in latency C. Which evolves primarily during the oral age D. A and b |
C. Which evoles primarily during the oral age |
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When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that.. A. Girls grow up to smile more B. Girls are using more feeling words by age 2 C. Girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age D. All of the above |
D. Girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age, Girls are using more feeling words by age 2, Girls few up to smile more.
(boys are better with visual -perceptual skills) |
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The Freudian developmental stage which 'least' emphasizes sensuality is.. A. oral B. anal C. phallic D. latency |
D. Latency Latency is the only Freudian developmental stage which is not primarily psychosexual (between the ages of 6-12) |
The word latent refers to "hidden" |
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In terms of patenting young children.. A. boys are punished more than girls B. girls are punished more than boys C. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion D. boys show more caregiver behavior |
A. Boys are punished more than girls |
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Stanley Coopersmith's research on child rearing methods |
Children with high self-esteem are punished as much as children with low self-esteem. However, children with high self-esteem had clear understanding of morals, and clear that the behavior was bad not the child. Also children with high self-esteem had more rules than children with low self-esteem. |
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When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean? A. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development B. the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes C. a and b D. a theory proposed by Skinner's colleagues |
A. How much heredity or environment interact to influence development |
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Stage theorists assume? A. qualitative changes between stages occur B. differences surely exist but usually can't be measured C. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint D. b and c |
A. Qualitative changes between stages occur |
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Development A. begins at birth B. begins during the first trimester of pregnancy C. is a continuous process which begins at conception D. a and c |
C. Is a continuous process which begins at conception |
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Development is cephalocaudal which means? A. foot to head B. head to foot C. limbs receive the highest level of nourishment D. b and c |
B. Head to foot |
Cephalocaudal begins with "c" as does ceiling, cranium |
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Heredity.. A. assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes B. assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes C. assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code D. all of the above |
D. All of the above |
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Heritability |
Portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors |
Heritage |
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Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage... A. abstract thinking emerges B. problems can be solved using deduction C. a and b D. the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless |
C. Abstract thinking emerges, and problems can be solved using deduction. |
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Kohlberg lists ___ stages of moral development, which fall into ___ levels. A. 6, 3 B. 6, 6 C. 3, 6 D. 3, 3 |
A. 6 stages, 3 levels Preconventional level Stage 1-punishment/obedience Stage2-naive hedonism Conventional level Stage 3-good boy /good girl Stage 4-authority, law, order Postconventional Stage 5-democratically, accepted law Stage 6-principles of self conscience |
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A person who lives by their individual conscience and universal ethical principles.. A. has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development B. is in the preconventional level C. is in the postconventional level of self accepted moral principles D. a and c |
D. Has reached highest stage of moral development. It's in postconventional level of self -accepted moral principles. |
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Freud's Oedipus complex A. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs B. occurs during the phallic stage C. a and b D. is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory |
C. Occurs during phallic stage. Is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite Sex patent occurs (ages 3-5). |
Oedipus has a "p" in it, as does phallic |
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The girls in the Oedipus complex may be referred to as... A. systematic desensitization B. covert desensitization C. in vivo desensitization D. the Electra complex |
D. The Electra complex (the female child fantasizes about an parent of opposite Sex, because this is impossible, child then has fantasies of killing father,then child begins to identify with mother. |
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Freud's psychosexual stages - in order.. A. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital B. oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency C. oral, phallic, latency, genital, and anal D. phallic, genital, latency, oral, and anal |
A. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital |
(oaplg) |
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Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing... A. Piaget's concept of conservation B. Erik Erikson's trust vs. mistrust paradigm C. Piaget's formal operations D. a visual cliff |
D. A visual cliff. The visual cliff is a device which utilizes a glass sheet which simulates a drop -off |
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Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as..
A. organismic theorists B. statistical developmentalists C. empiricits D. all of the above |
D. Empiricists.
-Sometimes referred to as associations, scientists can learn only from objective facts -Experience aquires knowledge -Empiricism precedes behaviorism |
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An empiricists view of development would be... A. psychometric B. behavioristic C. against the use of formal statistical testing D. a and c |
B. Behavioristic.
-Empiricists and behaviorists value statistical research and have said "if you cannot measure it, it doesn't exist" |
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In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers A. showed marked borderline personality traits B. surprisingly enough became quite friendly C. demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion D. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers |
D. Ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers |
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A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be empiricists. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? A. behaviorism B. organicism C. statistical developmentalism D. all of the above |
B. Organicism *Gestalt psychologists such as Kurt Goldstein *emphasizes holistic model |
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In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes pay the greatest role in the: A. sensorimotor stage B. formal operational stage C. preoperational stage D. acquisition of conservation |
A. Sensorimotor stage *beyond 8 months old a child will continue to look for something that is no longer there. Aka: object permanence |
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A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not yet mastered.. A. object permanence B. reflexive response C. representational thought D. a and c |
D. Object permanence and representational thought *during representational thought child learns concept of time and causality (hand moves objects) then child can learn object permanence |
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The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the ___ stage A. Sensorimotor stage - birth -2 yrs B. preoperational stage 2-7 yrs C. concrete operational stage 7-12 yrs D. formal operational stage 12 yrs + |
A. Sensorimotor stage (birth -2 yrs) *around 2 months the child begins to smile in response to face or a mask that resembles a face |
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John Bowlby has asserted that A. attachment is not instinctual B. attachment is best explained via Skinnerian principle C. a and b D. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood |
D. Conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood |
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The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life. A. still developed in a normal fashion B. still related very well with animals reared normally C. appeared to be abnormal and autistic D. were fixated in concrete operational thought pattrens |
C. Appeared to be abnormal and autistic *autistic in this sense = extremely withdrawn and isolated |
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According to Freudians if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may ___ a given psychosexual stage. A. skip B. become fixated at C. ignore D. a and c |
B. Become fixated at. *fixation implies that the individual is unable to go from one stage to the next because they feel safe at that stage |
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Am expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence would conclude that.. A. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive B. watching violence tends to make children less aggressive C. in reality TV has no impact on a child's behavior D. what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring |
A. Watching violence teens to make children more aggressive *the more we see /hear the less it bothers us therfore we behave more violently |
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A counselor who utilizes the term 'instinctual' technology means.. A. behavior results from unconscious aggression B. women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men C. a and b D. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species |
D. Behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species *instincts are not learned behavioral responses |
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The word 'ethology',which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to : A. Piaget's famous case study methodology B. the study of animals' behavior in their natural environments C. studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs D. all of the above |
B. The study of animals behavior in their natural environments *Lorenz studied instinctual movement, by the baby following movements of the first person /animal they were in contact with (Lorenz &geese) |
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A child who focuses exclusively on a clowns red nose but ignores other features would be illustrating the Piagetion concept of : A. egocentrism B. centration C. formal abstract reasoning D. deductive processes |
B. Centration *occurs in preoperational stage, characterized by focusing on a key feature and not noticing the rest. |
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Piaget felt :
A. homework depresses the elementary child's IQ B. strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in 'schools without failure' should be made mandatory in all elementary settings C. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily D. teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation |
D. Teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation. |
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Father of reality therapy |
William Glasser |
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Piaget's preoperational stage : A. is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning B. includes mastering conservation C. Includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema D. all of the above |
C. Includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. *symbolic mental processes allow language and symbolism in play to occur. (a milk carton is a space ship) |
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Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that: A. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage B. developmental stages are primarily psychosexual C. developmental stages are primarily psychosocial D. a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage in unresolved |
A. Each developmental stage n needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage. |
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R. J. Harvinghurst and Jane Loevinger : |
Stage theorist *well known figures in developmental processes |
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The tendency for adult females in the U.S. To wear high heels is best explanned by : A. the principle of negative reinforcement B. Sex role socialization C. Konrad Lorenz's studies on imprinting D. ethological data |
B. Sex role socialization *children learn gender |
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Positive and negative reinforcement : |
All reinforcers increased the probability that a behavior will occur. *reinforcement, the addition of a stimulus strengthens or increases behavior. |
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The sequence of obit rest loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of : A. Freud B. Adler on birth order C. Erikson D. Bowbly |
D. Bowlby |
The term object describes the target of one's love. Bowlby believes if a child is unable to bond by age 3, will be incapable of adult social relationships. *object loss "o"... Bowlby has an "o" |
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A counselor who is seeing a 15 yr old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that : A. in general, boys have better verbal skills than girls B. In general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys C. in general, boys possess better visual perceptual skills, and are more active and aggressive than girls. D. b and c |
D. In general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys,boys possess better visual perceptual skills, and are more active and aggressive than girls. |
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2 brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is : A. the primal scene B. preconscious psychic processes C. Sibling rivalry D. BASIC - ID |
C. Sibling rivalry |
Competition between siblings |
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A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animalistic. Means the child attributes human characteristics to an inanimate objects. The child may fantasize that a car is talking to them. This concept out is best related to : A. Carl Jung's concepts of Anima, Animus B. Freud's wish fulfillment C. Piaget's preoperational period, age 2-7 years D. ego identity |
C. Piaget's preoperational period (ages 2-7) |
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Carl June's con concepts o if anima, animus: |
Anima- represents female characteristics of the personality. Anima- male characteristics |
Male =mus /female =MA |
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Freud's wish fulfilment: |
Dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfilments |
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Elementary school counseling and guidance services A. have become popular since the early 1900's B. became popular during World War II C. are a failry new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960's D. none of the above |
C. Are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960's |
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3 key reasons for slow development of elementary school counseling |
1. Majority of people believed teachers could double as counselors 2. Counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues 3. Secondary schools utilized social workers who would intervene if emotional problems were still an issue as child got older |
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Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that A. counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don't seem to have an impact on youngsters' lives B. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed C. counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work D. should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts. |
B. These counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed *the only organized profession to work with individuals from a purely preventative stand point |
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According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson A. Erikson's generativity vs. stagnation stage simply doesn't exist B. 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe mid-life crises C. an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes D. b and c |
D. 80% of men in the study experienced moderate to severe mid life crisis. An "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes |
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Erikson's middle age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity vs. stagnation. Generativity refers to: A. the ability to do creative work or raise family B. The opposite of stagnation C. the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. D. all of the above |
D. The opposite of stagnation, the ability to do creative work or raise family, the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. |
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Senile psychosis |
Brought on by old age, a break from reality which can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders. |
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A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels: A. the burden of senile psychosis B. Ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage C. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life's precious opportunities D. the burden of generalized anxiety as described in the DMS published by APA |
B. Ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage. |
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Sensorimotor is to Piaget add oral is to Freud, and as ___ is to Erikson. A. integrity vs. despair B. Kohlberg C. trust vs. mistrust D. play therapy |
C. Trust vs. mistrust |
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Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? A. Lazarus B. Harlow C. J. Wolpe D. Ellis |
B. Harlow |
Harlow = hairy monkeys |
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When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client: A. has "learned helplessness" syndrome B. suffers from a phobia C. suffers from a fixation D. is displaying the risky shift phenomenon |
C. suffers from a fixation
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Kohlberg proposed 3 levels of morality, Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the:
A. superego B. ego C. id D. eros |
A. superego
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Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? A. Carl Rogers B. B.F. Skinner C. Frank Parsons, the father of Guidance D. Konrad Lorenz |
D. Konrad Lorenz |
Compared humans to the wolf and the baboon claimed we are naturally aggressive. |
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The statement, "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not," is most closely associated with: A. Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level B. Kohlberg's conventional level C. the work of Carl Jung D. Piaget's autonomous stage, which begins at about age 8 |
A. Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level |
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A critical period: A. makes imprinting possible B. emphasizes manifest dream content C. signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all D. a and c |
D. Makes imprinting possible, signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all |
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Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by: A. Erik Erikson B. Milton H. Erikson C. Konrad Lorenz D. Harry Harlow |
C. Konrad Lorenz |
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Marital satisfaction: A. is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home B. often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a child leaving home C. correlates high with performance IQ D. Is highest among couples who have 7 or more college educated children
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B. often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a child leaving home |
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Maslow a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates: A. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization B. that psychopathology rests within the id C. that unconscious drives control self-actualization D. that stimulus-response psychology dictates behavioral attributes |
A. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization |
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To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow: A. used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz B. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics C. worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings D. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average" |
D. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average" |
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Piaget is: A. a maturationist B. a behavioralist C. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative D. cognitive behavioral
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C. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative |
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___ factors cause downs syndrome, which produces mental retardation. A. Environmental B. Genetic C. Chemical dependency D. Unconscious |
B. Genetic |
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Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called: A. counterbalancing B. equilbration C. balance theory D. ABA design
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B. equilbration |
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There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth anaology, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists:
A. conduct therapy in the here-and-now B. focus primarily on nonverbal behavior C. believe group work is most effective D. allow clients to work through early conflicts |
D. allow clients to work through early conflicts |
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Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as: A. hysteria B. pics C. fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli D. dysfunctional repetition |
C. fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli |
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Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which: A. the client is urged to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group B. biofeedback training is highly recommended C. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction D. the activity of meaning making is discouraged |
C. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction |
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Most experts in the field of counseling agree that: A. no one theory explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories B. Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality C. a counselor who incorporates Piaget's stages into his or her thinking would not necessarilyneed knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints D. a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner he or she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion
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A. no one theory explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories |
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Equilbration is: A. a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes B. performed via the id according to the Freudians C. a synonym for concrete operational thought D. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation) |
D. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation) |
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A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on: A. Maslow's higher-order needs, such as self-actualization B. building accurate empathy of family members C. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs D. the identified patient |
C. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs |
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The anal retentive personality is: A. charitable B. stingy C. kind D. thinks very little about money matters |
B. stingy |
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From Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be: A. considered an oral character B. considered an anal character C. considered a genital character D. fixated at the latency stage |
A. considered an oral character |
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Counterbalancing is: |
Experimental process in which a researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrelevant variables |
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Balance theory is: |
Suggests that individual's avoid inconsistent or incompatible beliefs. *people prefer consistent beliefs. |
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