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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Length of time water typically stays in a compartment
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Residence time
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Where are most of the earth's fresh water supplies tied up?
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Glaciers, ice and snow
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Stores more water than all the freshwater lakes, rivers, and reservoirs combined
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Groundwater
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Sallow layer of soil containing both air and water, where plants get their moisture.
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Zone of aeration
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Where all soil pores are filled with water
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Zone of saturation
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Top of the zone of saturation
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Water Table
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Geological layers that contain water
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Aquifers
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The amount of water that passes through a point at a given time?
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Discharge
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Resources that are replenished regularly-mainly surface water and shallow groundwater
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Renewable water supplies
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Greatest water user?
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Agriculture
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Total amount of water taken from a water body?
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Withdrawal
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Loss of water due to evaporation, absorption, or contamination
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Consumption
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Average amount of water needed per person by the World Health Organization.
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1000 m3 per year
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For most people its not the access to water itself but what?
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Clean water
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Catchment, all the land being drained by a stream or river
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Watershed
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Water has moved from being an endless commodity that may be taken for granted to a rationed necessity that may be taken by force
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Global Water Corporation
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Greatest domestic use of water?
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Toilets
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Most serious water pollutants are those that are disease causing or
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Pathogens
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Typhoid, cholera, bacterial and amoebic dysentery, enteritis, polio, infectious hepatitis, and schistosomiasis are all what?
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Waterborne diseases
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Malaria, yellow fever, and filariasis are transmitted by what?
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Insects that have aquatic larvae
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Deaths per year blamed on water-related diseases?
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25 million
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Any on the many types of bacteria that commonly live in the colon or intestines of humans and other animals
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Coliform Bacteria
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_____ levels are measured to compare water quality in different places. Good indicator of water quality and the life it will support.
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Dissolved oxygen
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The amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by aquatic microorganisms, decomposing waste and other materials?
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Biochemical oxygen demand
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Oxygen decline downstream from a point source?
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Oxygen sag
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Rough fish, such as carp, bullheads, and gar can live in what?
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oxygen-poor environments
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Rivers and lakes that have clear water and low biological productivity are _______.
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Oligotrophic
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Waters that are rich in organisms and organic materials?
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Eutrophic
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Term for humans greatly accelerating eutrophication, mainly caused by increased nutrient input into a water body.
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Cultural Eutrophication
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Metals, nonmetallic salts, acids and bases are all common what?
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Inorganic Pollutants
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Effluent from cooling systems of power plants or other industries, alters water temperature.
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Thermal Pollution
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Established by the 1972 Clean Water Act?
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National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
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The amount of a particular pollutant that a water body can receive from both point and nonpoint sources
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Total Maximum Daily Loads
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Type of treatment that physically separates large solids from waste stream with screens and settling tanks?
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Primary Treatment
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Removes pathogens and organics, with aerobic bacteria
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Secondary Treatment
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Removes dissolved metals and nutrients.
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Tertiary Treatment
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Living organisms that can clean contaminated water effectively and inexpensively
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Bioremediation
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Establishes Uniform nationwide controls for each category of major polluting industries
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1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act
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Amount of water on the planet?
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370 Billion Billion Gallons
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How much evaporated moisture falls back on the ocean?
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90%
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How much annual precipitation is returned to the atmosphere by plants in tropical rain-forests?
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75%
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Side of mountain that receives the most rain?
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Windward
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Side of mountain that receives little rain?
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Leeward
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How long a water molecule stays in the ocean before it evaporates?
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3000 years
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Percent of water in the world that can be relied on as fresh water?
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.02%
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Ground water within 1 km of the surface is more than how many times the volume of all the freshwater lakes and rivers combined?
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100 times more
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How much groundwater is withdrawn by humans?
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700 km3
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Lakes contain how many more times water than rivers?
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100 time more
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How much of the total water supply does the atmosphere contain?
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.001% of the total water supply
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How long does a water molecule stay in the atmosphere for?
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10 days
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Where is renewable water most plentiful?
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The tropics followed by midlatitudes
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Increased temps, disturbed weather patterns, population growth, urban sprawl, waste and wasteful use all contribute to what?
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Water deficits and shortages
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Said that political organization of the West be based on watersheds
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Major John Wesley Powell
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Increased twice as fast as population growth in the last century?
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Water usage
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Accounts for about 70% of worldwide total water withdrawal?
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70%
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What percent of water does industry use worldwide?
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25%
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Difference in household consumption between developed and developing nations?
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10 times
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Average amount of water needed per each person per year?
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1000 m3
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How many of the world's large dams should have never been built?
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2/3
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Amount of pesticide runoff every year?
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500000 metric tons
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Oxygen level increase or decrease with a raise in temp?
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Decrease, oxygen is less soluble at higher temperatures
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The 1972 Clean water act established what?
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NPDES
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