Emt Mod 1

Front 1

voluntary muscle

Back 1

attaches to bone, forms major muscle mass of the body

Front 2

involuntary muscle

Back 2

-found in gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, blood vessels.
-controls flow of material through these structures
-no conscious control
-responds to stimuli

Front 3

vessels

Back 3

-vein
-artery
-valve
-venules
-capillary bed
-arterioles

Front 4

arteries

Back 4

carry blood away from heart

Front 5

veins

Back 5

carry blood towards heart

Front 6

gas exchange
(inhalation - exhalation)

Back 6

1. oxygen enters alveoli from inhalation
2. carbon dioxide arrives via capillaries
3. oxygen enters capillaries, carbon dioxide enters alveoli

Front 7

adequate breathing

Back 7

breathing normal/average rate for age
-adults 12-20/min
-children 15-30/min
-infants 25-50/min

Front 8

inadequate breathing

Back 8

-breathing efforts decreases/increases
-increase use of accessory muscles, especially in infants and children
-pale or cyanotic (blue) skin

Front 9

pediatric airway

Back 9

-smaller mouth & nose
-more space taken up by tongue
-trachea is more narrow
-airway structures more easily obstructed
-trachea is softer, not as rigid
-chest wall is softer (infants are abdominal breathers)

Front 10

circulatory system

Back 10

-heart is the pump for blood
-blood is the fluid that brings food & oxygen to cells & removes waste products
-blood vessels are the pipes that blood flows through

Front 11

heart chambers

Back 11

right atrium - receives blood from veins, pumps to right vent.
right ventricle - pumps blood to lungs
left atrium - receives blood from lungs, pumps to left vent.
left ventricle - pumps blood through the aorta to the body

Front 12

exhalation

Back 12

-diaphragm & intercostal muscles relax, dia moves upward
-ribs move down & inward
-chest cavity decreases

Front 13

inhalation

Back 13

-diaphragm & intercostal mucsles contract, dia moves downward
-ribs move upward & out
-chest cavity increases

Front 14

respiratory system

Back 14

-oxygen moves into bloodstream by inhalation
-carbon dioxide is extracted through exhalation

Front 15

cardiac muscle

Back 15

-found only in heart
-involuntary
-has its own blood supply (coronary arteries)
-contracts on its own automatically

Front 16

arterioles

Back 16

smallest arteries

Front 17

venules

Back 17

smallest veins

Front 18

capillaries

Back 18

-tiny vessels that connect arterioles to venules
-allow for the exchange of waste and nutrients of the cellular level

Front 19

red blood cells

Back 19

give blood its color, carry oxygen to organs, carry away carbon dioxide

Front 20

white blood cells

Back 20

provide defense against infection, produce antibodies

Front 21

plasma

Back 21

fluid that carries blood cells and nutrients

Front 22

platelets

Back 22

essential for formation of clots

Front 23

pulse

Back 23

-left vent contracts, sending a wave of blood through the arteries
-its palpated when the EMT compresses an artery near the skin surface and over a bone

Front 24

systollic blood pressure

Back 24

pressure exerted against the walls of an artery when the left ventricle contracts

Front 25

diastollic blood pressure

Back 25

pressure exerted against the walls of an artery when the left ventricle is relaxed

Front 26

perfusion

Back 26

delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems and the removal of waste products (adequate perfusion is neccessary for life)

Front 27

hypoperfusion

Back 27

inadequate circulation of blood (shock) results in inadequate oxygen supply to cells and causes build up of waste products

Front 28

nervous system

Back 28

-controls voluntary & involuntary activity
-consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
1.central
2.peripheral

Front 29

central nervous system

Back 29

includes brain and spinal cord, responds to changes inside and outside the body

Front 30

peripheral nervous system

Back 30

sensory nerves - carry info from the body to the brain & spinal cord
motor nerves - carry info from brain & spinal cord

Front 31

digestive system

Back 31

-allows food travel & breakdown
-major organs include: stomach, large & small intestine

Front 32

endocrine system

Back 32

secrets chemicals that regulate body activities and functions
1.insulin

Front 33

medial

Back 33

position closer to midline

Front 34

anatomical position

Back 34

person standing, facing forward with palms forward

Front 35

lateral

Back 35

position farther from midline

Front 36

proximal

Back 36

nearer to point of origin

Front 37

distal

Back 37

farther from point of origin

Front 38

anterior

Back 38

close to front

Front 39

posterior

Back 39

close to back

Front 40

superior

Back 40

close to top

Front 41

inferior

Back 41

close to bottom

Front 42

supine position

Back 42

laying on back

Front 43

prone

Back 43

laying on stomach

Front 44

left laterl recumbant

Back 44

laying on left side
(recovery position)

Front 45

fawler's position

Back 45

head of strectcher is raised at a 45 degree angle

Front 46

musculoskeletal

Back 46

-give body shape
-protects vital organs
-provides for body movement

Front 47

spinal column

Back 47

contains 33 called vertebrae in 5 sections
1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
5. coccygael

Front 48

types of bones

Back 48

1.long
2.flat
3.short
4.irregular

Front 49

joints

Back 49

where bones come together

Front 50

ligaments

Back 50

attach bone to bone

Front 51

tendons

Back 51

attach muscle to bone
1. ball &socket joint
2. hinge joint

Front 52

types of muscle

Back 52

1. skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth

Front 53

chain of EMS
human resources

Back 53

1. patient
2. someone calls 911
3. 911 dispatcher
4. first responder
5. EMT
6. ER department staff
7. allied health staff

Front 54

EMS 10 key compnents

Back 54

1. regulation & policy
2. resource management
3. human resource & training
4. transportation
5. facilities
6. communications
7. public info & education
8. medical direction
9. trauma systems
10. evaluation

Front 55

baseline vitals

Back 55

-outward signs of whats goin on inside the body
-first measurements taken
1. pulse
2. respirations
3. skin
4. pupils
5. blood pressure

Front 56

pulse

Back 56

- radial pulse (thumb side)
-count for 30 sec & multiply by 2
-adults generally 60-100/min
-tachycardia is more than 100/min
-bradycardia is less than 60/min
-strong or weak
-regular or irregular
-carotid pulse
-brachial pulse (mostly used for infants)

Front 57

respirations

Back 57

count for 30 sec & multiply by 2
-normal, shallow, labored, noisey
-check skin color, temp, & condition
-abnormal skin colors: pale, cyanotic, flushed, jaundiced (yellow due to liver)
-ab. skin temps: hot, cold, cool
-ab. skin condition: wet, very dry
-infants & kids: check capillary refil (pinch fingernail & turns white then back to normal within 2 sec)

Front 58

pupils

Back 58

-abnormal: constricted, dilated, unequal
-reactivity to light or nonreactive (fixed)
Pupils
Equal
Reactive
Light

Front 59

blood pressure

Back 59

-systollic (top) & diastollic (bottom)
-normal sys is 120 (greater than 140 is hypertension)
-normal diastollic is 60-90 (greater than 90 is hypertension)
-child 1-10yrs: age x 2 + 80mmHg (ballpark range for systollic)
-child older than 10 = minimum sys of 90mmHg

Front 60

pulse oximetry

Back 60

-measures oxygen circulating in blood
-results:
96-100% = normal
91-95% =hypoxia
86-90% = significant hypoxia
<85% = severe hypoxia

Front 61

pulse oximetry precautions

Back 61

-not accurate in shock or hypothermia
-false readings in carbon monoxide poisoning
-movement & nail polish can cause inaccurate readings
-batteries must be in good condition

Front 62

specialty facilities

Back 62

-cardiac center
-stroke center
-trauma center
-burn center
-pediatric center

Front 63

reassessment of vital signs

Back 63

stable patient - every 15 minutes
unstable patient - every 5 minutes

Front 64

S.A.M.P.L.E.

Back 64

S- signs & symptoms
A- allergies (food, meds, enviro)
M- meds (current/recent)
P- pertinent past history
L- last oral intake
E- events leading up to injury or illness
-sign=observation
-symptom=what patient tells you

Front 65

standard precautions

Back 65

-protect emt & patient
-assume all body substances are infectious
-procedures set by OSHA & local policy
-wash hands, wear gloves
-use protective eyewear
-gown
-face mask

Front 66

infectious disease
prevention

Back 66

-written exposure control plan
-preventive vaccines
-immune status verification (titer)
-testing (tuberculin skin test (tst) or blood test)

Front 67

diseases of concern

Back 67

are caused by blood borne and airborne pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and other harmful organisms

Front 68

emotion and stress

Back 68

1st stage: alarm stage "fight or flight"
2nd stage: ressistance -- adaption & coping
3rd stage: exhaustion -- serious illnesses may occur

Front 69

acute stress reaction

Back 69

-quick onset
-overwhelmed feeling

Front 70

delayed stress reaction

Back 70

may occur days, weeks, or months later

Front 71

cumulative stress reaction

Back 71

build up of low stress over long period of time

Front 72

CISD/CISM

Back 72

-"critical incident stress debriefing"
-within 24-72 hrs post incident
-open discusion
-all info confidential
-team offers suggestions on overcoming stress

Front 73

roles and responsibilities

Back 73

-personal safety
-safety of crew, patient, bystanders
-patient assessment/care
-lifting & moving patients
-transport/transfer care
-record keeping/data collection
-patient advocacy
-continuing education, maintaining skills
-careful documentation
-obtaining feedback from hospital staff
-maintain equipment

Front 74

death & dying

Back 74

1. denial
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. depression
5. acceptance

Front 75

scene safety

Back 75

golden rule:
plan -- observe -- react

Front 76

hazmat incidents

Back 76

-recognize when a problem exists
-initial actions should be aimed at protecting yourself, patients, & bystanders

Front 77

death & dying

Back 77

1. denial
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. depression
5. acceptance

Front 78

planning for safety
on a crime scene

Back 78

-wear protective clothing
-preparing equip.
1. not cumbersome.bulky
2. flashlight
-carry a radio
-assign safety roles

Front 79

scene safety

Back 79

golden rule:
plan -- observe -- react

Front 80

lifting techniques

Back 80

considerations:
-weight of object/patient
-communicate with partner
-identify the need for help before lifting
-have a plan
guidelines:
-use your legs to lift
-have feet positioned properly
-keep weight close to body
-lift without twisting

Front 81

hazmat incidents

Back 81

-recognize when a problem exists
-initial actions should be aimed at protecting yourself, patients, & bystanders

Front 82

safe reaching techniques

Back 82

-keep back locked in
-avoid twisting
-avoid reaching more than 15-20 inches in front of your body

Front 83

planning for safety
on a crime scene

Back 83

-wear protective clothing
-preparing equip.
1. not cumbersome.bulky
2. flashlight
-carry a radio
-assign safety roles

Front 84

safe pushing and pulling

Back 84

-push, rather then pull
-keep back locked in
-keep weight close to body
-keep knees bent
-avoid pushing/pulling overhead
-keep elbows bent and arms close to sides

Front 85

lifting techniques

Back 85

considerations:
-weight of object/patient
-communicate with partner
-identify the need for help before lifting
-have a plan
guidelines:
-use your legs to lift
-have feet positioned properly
-keep weight close to body
-lift without twisting

Front 86

emergency moves

Back 86

-scene is hazardous
-life-threatening condition requires move
-patient must be moved to reach a critical patient
1. clothes drag
2. drag (head first)
3. firefighter's drag
4. firefighter's carry
5. one rescuer assist
6. two rescuer assist

Front 87

safe reaching techniques

Back 87

-keep back locked in
-avoid twisting
-avoid reaching more than 15-20 inches in front of your body

Front 88

safe pushing and pulling

Back 88

-push, rather then pull
-keep back locked in
-keep weight close to body
-keep knees bent
-avoid pushing/pulling overhead
-keep elbows bent and arms close to sides

Front 89

urgent moves

Back 89

-scene factors cause a decline in patient condition
-treatment of patient's condition require a move

Front 90

emergency moves

Back 90

-scene is hazardous
-life-threatening condition requires move
-patient must be moved to reach a critical patient
1. clothes drag
2. drag (head first)
3. firefighter's drag
4. firefighter's carry
5. one rescuer assist
6. two rescuer assist

Front 91

non-urgent moves

Back 91

-no threat to life
-when patient's condition allows for assessment and care
-typically utilize carrying device

Front 92

urgent moves

Back 92

-scene factors cause a decline in patient condition
-treatment of patient's condition require a move

Front 93

non-urgent moves

Back 93

-no threat to life
-when patient's condition allows for assessment and care
-typically utilize carrying device