Emt-I Exam 2

Front 1

Nervous System – 2 components

Back 1

1) Central Nervous
a. Brain
b. Spinal cord
2) Peripheral Nervous System

Front 2

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 2

is a component of the peripheral nervous system.
This is the system of regulation.
It is involuntary.

Front 3

Autonomic Nervous System - 2 components

Back 3

Parasympathetic System
Sympathetic System

Front 4

vegetative state

Back 4

Parasympathetic System

Front 5

the primary chemical mediator of the parasympathetic system

Back 5

Acetylcholine

Front 6

This systems slows all things down except the GI Tract.
Increases peristalsis.
Slows heart rate, slows respiratory rate, lower BP. Controlled through the Vagus nerve

Back 6

Parasympathetic

Front 7

This is the system that responds to stress.
Known as the “Fight or Flight System”

Back 7

Sympathetic System

Front 8

Primary chemical mediator is Norepinephrine, epinephrine.

Back 8

Sympathetic System

Front 9

Sympathetic System functions through stimulation of these receptors:

Back 9

Alpha
Beta

Front 10

Alpha Receptors are located primarily in three areas:

Back 10

Heart: no direct stimulation
Lungs: bronchoconstriction
Blood vessels: vasoconstriction

Front 11

Beta Receptors are located primarily in three areas:

Back 11

Heart: increases heart rate
Lungs: bronchodilation
Blood vessels: vasodilation

Front 12

Beta receptors are divided into

Back 12

Beta 1 and Beta 2

Front 13

Beta 1 receptors are located in

Back 13

the heart

Front 14

Beta 2 receptors are located in

Back 14

the lungs and blood vessels.

Front 15

synapse

Back 15

space between nerve cells.

Front 16

neurotransmitter

Back 16

chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse.

Front 17

neuron

Back 17

nerve cell.

Front 18

cholinergic

Back 18

pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Front 19

adrenergic

Back 19

pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

Front 20

types of sympathetic receptors are the

Back 20

adrenergic receptors and the dopaminergic receptors.

Front 21

two types of intravenous access,

Back 21

peripheral and central.

Front 22

peripheral venous access

Back 22

surgical puncture of a vein in the arm, leg, or neck.

Front 23

central venous access

Back 23

surgical puncture of the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral vein.

Front 24

The major advantage of peripheral venous access

Back 24

relatively simple visualizing and accessing the veins. Additionally, you can access peripheral veins while simultaneously doing other life- sustaining proce-dures such as CPR or endotracheal intubation.

Front 25

colloid

Back 25

intravenous solutions containing large proteins that cannot pass through capillary membranes.

Front 26

Common colloids:

Back 26

a. Plasma Protein Fraction (Plasmanate)
b. Salt Poor Albumin
c. Dextran
d. Hetastarch (Hespan)

Front 27

Crystalloids:

Back 27

primary out-of-hospital IV solution. Contain electrolytes and water but lack colloids’ larger proteins

Front 28

Types Crystalloids Solutions:

Back 28

1. Lactated Ringer’s: isotonic
2. Normal Saline Solution: isotonic
3. D5W: hypotonic glucose solution

Front 29

Three basic types of IV cannulas:

Back 29

1. Over-the-needle catheter
2. Hollow-needle catheter
3. Plastic catheter inserted through a hollow needle

Front 30

Factors Affecting Flow Rates

Back 30

Completely filled drip chamber.
Catheter patency

Front 31

Abrupt onset of fever, chills, backache, headache, N/V characterize these reactions.
Typically, occurs with 30 to 90 minutes.

Back 31

Pyrogenic Reaction

Front 32

Inflammation of the vein. Common in long-term IV therapy. Redness and edema at puncture site.

Back 32

Thrombophlebitis

Front 33

Aspirin, Coumadin, or heparin increase the chance of bleeding and impede hemorrhage control during IV insertion.

Back 33

Anticoagulants

Front 34

Blood tube Order

Back 34

(red, blue, green, purple, gray)

Front 35

CONTRAINDICATIONS TO IO INFUSION

Back 35

1. Fracture to the tibia or femur on the side of access
2. Osteogenesis imperfecta – congenital bone disease that results in fragile bones
3. Osteoporosis
4. Establishment of a peripheral IV line

Front 36

INDICATIONS TO IO INFUSION

Back 36

Situations include: (shock, status epilepticus, trauma, cardiac arrest, and critical pediatric patients where rapid IV access cannot be obtained

Front 37

6 rights of medication administration:

Back 37

Right Person
Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Time
Right Route
Right Documentation

Front 38

Describes a medical environment free of pathogens

Back 38

Medical Asepsis

Front 39

Sterile

Back 39

environment is free of all forms of life.

Front 40

Usually requires extensive heat or chemicals.
Difficult to attain in the prehospital setting.

Back 40

Sterile

Front 41

Cleaning agents that are toxic to living tissue.

Back 41

Disinfectants

Front 42

techniques involve the careful handling of sterile equipment to prevent contamination.

Back 42

Medically clean

Front 43

Cleaning agents that are NOT toxic to living tissue.

Back 43

Antiseptics

Front 44

4 categories of Routes of administration:

Back 44

Percutaneous
Pulmonary
Enteral
Parenteral

Front 45

Percutaneous types

Back 45

Transdermal
Mucous Membranes

Front 46

Mucous Membranes Drug Admin

Back 46

Buccal
Sublingual
Ocular
Aural
Nasal

Front 47

PULMONARY DRUG ADMINISTRATION VIA

Back 47

inhalation (nebulizer or MDI) or injection

Front 48

Delivery of any medication that is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract.

Back 48

ENTERAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION

Front 49

Enteral Routes include

Back 49

Oral
Orogastric/Nasogastric tube
Rectal

Front 50

Parenteral Routes include

Back 50

Intradermal injection
Subcutaneous injection
Intramuscular injection
Intravenous access
Intraosseous infusion

Front 51

Any drug administered outside of the GI tract.

Back 51

PARENTERAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION

Front 52

Nonconstituted Drug Vial consists of two vials:

Back 52

1. powdered medication
2. liquid mixing solution

Front 53

Drug Names

Back 53

Chemical Name;
Generic Name;
Official Name;
Brand Name;

Front 54

Four main sources of drugs:

Back 54

Plants:
Animal:
Minerals:
Laboratory:

Front 55

11 Components of Drug Profile:

Back 55

Name:
Classification:
Mechanism of Action:
Indications:
Pharmacokinetics:
Side effects/adverse reactions:
Routes of Administration:
Contraindications;
Dosage:
How supplied:
Special considerations:

Front 56

how the drug is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated; typically includes onset and duration of action

Back 56

Pharmacokinetics:

Front 57

Pharmacokinetics Processes:

Back 57

1. absorption
2. distribution
3. biotransformation
4. elimination

Front 58

gives a good approximation for children of average height/weight ratio

Back 58

Broselow tape

Front 59

A mechanism requires the use of energy to move a substance.

Back 59

active transport

Front 60

Movement of a substance without the use of energy

Back 60

Passive Transport (Diffusion and osmosis )

Front 61

involves the movement of solute in the solution

Back 61

Diffusion (high to low)

Front 62

involves the movement of the solvent.

Back 62

osmosis (low to high)

Front 63

Occurs when large molecules (glucose), do not readily pass through the cell membrane and must bind with a carrier protein on the surface of the target cells.

Back 63

Carrier-mediated diffusion or facilitated diffusion

Front 64

Simply the movement of molecules across a membrane down a pressure gradient, from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure.

Back 64

filtration

Front 65

the measure of the amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue.

Back 65

Bioavailability:

Front 66

Certain organs exclude some drugs from distribution

Back 66

1. blood-brain barrier.

2. placental barrier

Front 67

Special name given to the metabolism of drugs is.

Back 67

biotransformation

Front 68

The first pass through the liver may partially or completely inactivate many drugs.

Back 68

This first-pass effect

Front 69

4 Actions of Drugs:

Back 69

1. May bind to a receptor site
2. Change the physical properties of cells
3. Chemically combine with other chemicals
4. Alter normal metabolic pathway

Front 70

Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor is their

Back 70

affinity

Front 71

A drug’s pharmacodynamics also involve its ability to cause the expected response, or

Back 71

efficacy

Front 72

Binding of a drug to a target cell receptor causes the number of receptors to decrease:

Back 72

down-regulation.

Front 73

Less common, a drug can cause the formation of more receptors than normal:

Back 73

up-regulation.

Front 74

bind to the receptor and cause it to initiate the expected response

Back 74

Agonists:

Front 75

bind to a site but do not cause the receptor to initiate the expected response

Back 75

Antagonists:

Front 76

drugs that have the ability to stimulate and block

Back 76

(AKA: partial agonists)
Agonist-antagonists:

Front 77

considered surmountable because a sufficiently large dose of the agonist can overcome the antagonism

Back 77

Competitive antagonism:

Front 78

considered insurmountable because no amount of agonist could overcome it. Changes the shape of the binding site and prevents the agonist from fitting

Back 78

Noncompetitive antagonism:

Front 79

may also occur when a competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site.

Back 79

Irreversible antagonism:

Front 80

is the time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration

Back 80

Onset of action

Front 81

is measured from when the drug’s level drops below the minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body

Back 81

Termination of action

Front 82

is the time the body takes to clear one half of the drug.

Back 82

biologic half-life

Front 83

8 Factors Altering Drug Response

Back 83

Age:
Body Mass:
Sex:
Environmental milieu:
Time of Administration:
Pathologic state:
Genetic factors:
Psychological factors: