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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell
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the basic structurl unit of all plants and animals. A membrane enclosing a thick fluid and a nucleus. Cells are specialized to carry out all of the body's basic functions.
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nucleus
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the organelle within a cell that contains the DNA, or genetic material in teh cells of higher oranisms, the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane.
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cell membrane
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The outer covering of a cell.
Also called plasma membrane |
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semipermeable
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able to allow some, but not all, subsances to pass through. Cell membranes are semipermeable.
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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a high-energy compound present in all cells, especially muscle cells; when split by enzyme action, it yields energy. Energy is stored in ATP.
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tissue
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a group of cells that perform a similar fuction.
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epithelial tissue
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the protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues. Examples: skin, mucous, membranes, the lining of the intestinal tract.
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muscle tissue
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tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated. there are three types: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal or striated.
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main elements of the cell
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CELL MEMBRANE...
CYTOPLASM... ORGANELLES... |
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Most medications used in emergency care at at what level?
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celular level.
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connective tissue
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the most abundant body tissue; it provides support, connection, and insulation. Examples: bone, cartilage, fat, blood.
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nerve tissue
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tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body.
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organ
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a group of tissues functioning together. Examples: heart, liver, brain, ovary, eye.
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Organ system
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a group of organs that work together. Examples: cardiovascular system, formed of the heart,blood vessels, and blood; the gastrointestinal system, comprising the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, rectum and anus.
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Organism
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the sum of all the cells tissues, organs and organ systems of a living being. Examples: the human organism, a bacterial organism.
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homeostasis
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the natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment.
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anatomy
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the structure of an organism; body structure.
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physiology
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the functions of an organism; the physical and chemical processes of a living thing.
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pathophysiology
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the study of how disease affects normal body processes.
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metabolism
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the total changes that take place during physiological processes.
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anabolism
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the constructive phase of metabolism in which cells convert non-living substances into living cytoplasm.
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catabolism
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the destructive phase of meabolism in whic cells break down complex subsances into simper substances with release of energy.
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neurotransmitter
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a substance that is released from the axon terminal of a prsynaptic neuron upon excitation and that travels across the the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Examples include acethylcholine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
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negative feedback loop
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body mechanisms that work to reverse or compensate for, a pathophysiological process, (or to reverse any physiological process, whether pathological or nonpathological).
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total body water (TBW)
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total amount of water in the body at a given time.
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intracellular fluid (ICF)
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the fluid inside the body cells.
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intravascular fluid
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the fluid within the circulatory system; blood plasma
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interstitial fluid
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the fluid in body tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system.
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solvent
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a substance that dissolves other substances forming a solution.
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dehydration
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excessive loss of body fluid
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turgor
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normal tension in a cell; the resistance of the skin to deformation. (In a normally hydrated person, the skin, when pinched, will quickly return to its normal formation. In a dehydrated person, the return to normal formation will be slower.
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overhydration
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the presence or retention of an abnormally high amount of fluid.
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electrolyte
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a substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles.
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dissociate
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separate; break down. For example, sodium bicarbonate, when placed in water, dissociates into a sodium cation and a bicarbonate anion.
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ion
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a charged particle; an atom or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons. (In an atam's normal, non-ionized state, its positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons balance each other so that the atom's charge is neutral.)
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cation
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an ion with a positive charge - so called because it will be attracted to a cathode, or negaive pole.
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anion
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an ion with a negative charge - so called because it will be attracted to an anode, or positive pole.
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buffer
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a substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or ecreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions.
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isotonic
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equal in concentration of solute molecules; solutions may be isotonic to each other.
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hypertonic
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having a greater concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be hypertonic to another.
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hypotonic
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having a lesser concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be hypotonic to another.
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osmotic gradient
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the difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane.
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diffusion
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the movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
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osmosis
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the passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane.
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active transport
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movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient; that is from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration, opposite to the normal directionn of diffusion.
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facilitated diffusion
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diffusion of a substance such as glucose through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper" or carrier protein.
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osmolarity
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the concentration of solute per liter of water (often used synonymously with osmolality).
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osmotic pressure
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the pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic tends to "pull" water (cause osmosis) from the other side of the membrane.
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oncotic force.... also called colloid osmotic pressure.
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a form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma. In the capillaries, the plasma colloids tend to pull water from the interstitial space across the capillary membrane into the capillary.
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hydrotstatic pressure
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blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heart beat. Hydrostatic pressure tends to force water out of the capillaries into the interstitial space.
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filtration
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movement of water out ot the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space.
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net filtration
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the total loss of water from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitiall space. Normally, hydrostatic pressure forcing water out of the capillary is balaced by oncotic force pulling water into the capillary for a net filtration of zero.
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pH
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abbreviation for potential of hydrogen. A measure of relative acididty or alkalinity. Since the pH sacale in inverse to the concentration of acidi hydrogen ions, the lower the pH the greater the acidity and the higher the pH the greater the alkalinity. A normal pH range is 7.35 to 7.45
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acidosis
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a high concentation of hydrogen ions; a pH below 7.35
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alkalosis
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a low concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH above 7.45
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three mechanisms of Hydrogen Ion Removal
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Bicarbonate buffer system -
Respiration - Kidney function |
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Layers of the skin
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epidermis -
Dermis- subcutaneous tissue- |
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epidermis
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outermost layer of the skin composed of fead or dying cells.
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sebum
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fatty secretion of the seaceous gland that helps keep the skin pliable and waterproof.
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dermis
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true skin, it is the layer of tissue producing the peidermis and housing the structures, blood vessels, and nerv3es normally associated with the skin. Also called the corium.
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arrector pili
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Goosebumps, also called gooseflesh, are a part of the body's response to cold and result from contraction of the _________muscles in the skin.
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sebaceous glands
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glands within the dermis that secrete sebum
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sudoriferous glands
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glands within the dermis that secrete sweat.
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subcutaneous tissue
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body layer beneat the dermis
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distal
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distan or far from the point of reference. Opposite of proximal.
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proximal
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near the point of reference. Opposite of distal.
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hematopoietic system
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body system having to do with the production and development of blood cells, consisting of the bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidneys, and the blood itself.
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epidermis
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outermost layer of the skin composed of fead or dying cells.
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sebum
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fatty secretion of the seaceous gland that helps keep the skin pliable and waterproof.
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dermis
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true skin, it is the layer of tissue producing the peidermis and housing the structures, blood vessels, and nerv3es normally associated with the skin. Also called the corium.
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arrector pili
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Goosebumps, also called gooseflesh, are a part of the body's response to cold and result from contraction of the _________muscles in the skin.
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sebaceous glands
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glands within the dermis that secrete sebum
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