Emt Flashcards Week 4 Airway And Respiratory Emergencies-1

Front 1

Breathing Process: Inhalation
4

Back 1

•Active part of breathing
•Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, allowing the lungs to expand.
•The decrease in pressure allows lungs to fill with air
•Air travels to the alveoli where exchange of gases occurs.

Front 2

Breathing Process: Exhalation
4

Back 2

•Does not normally require muscular effort
•Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
•The thorax decreases in size, and ribs and muscles assume their normal positions.
•The increase in pressure causes all air to go out

Front 3

Hypoxia
2
-2

Back 3

•Not enough oxygen in blood
•Develops when patient is:
– Breathing inadequately
– Not breathing

Front 4

Signs of Hypoxia
7

Back 4

•Nervousness, irritability, and fear
•Tachycardia
•Cyanosis
•Mental status changes
•Use of accessory muscles for breathing
•Possible combativeness
•Difficulty breathing, possible chest pain

Front 5

Conditions Resulting in Hypoxia
12

Back 5

•Myocardial infarction
•Chest Injury
•Shock
•Lung Disease
•Asthma
•Asphyxiation
•Pulmonary Edema
•Premature Birth
•Acute narcotic overdose
•FBO- Foreign Body Obstruction
•Smoke inhalation
•Stroke

Front 6

Signs of adequate breathing
4

Back 6

•Normal rate and depth
•Regular pattern
•Regular and equal chest rise and fall
•Adequate depth

Front 7

signs of inadequate breathing
9

Back 7

•Fast or slow rate
•Tri-Pod position
•Irregular rhythm
•Incomplete sentences
•Abnormal lung sounds
•Pursed lips
•Reduced tidal volumes
•Use of accessory muscles
•Cool, damp, pale or cyanotic skin

Front 8

how to do the Head Tilt–Chin Lift
5

Back 8

•Kneel beside patient’s head.
•Place one hand on forehead.
•Apply backward pressure.
•Place tips of finger under lower jaw.
•Lift chin.

Front 9

how to do the Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
3

Back 9

•Kneel above patient’s head.
•Place fingers behind angle of lower jaw.
•Use thumbs to position the lower jaw.

Front 10

Oropharyngeal airways
4

Back 10

–Keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway
–Allow for easier suctioning of the airway
–Used in conjunction with BVM device
–Used on unconscious patients with no gag reflex

Front 11

Suctioning Technique
5

Back 11

•Check the unit and turn it on.
•Select and measure proper catheter to be used.
•Open the patient’s mouth and insert tip.
•Suction as you withdraw the catheter.
•Never suction adults for more than 15 seconds.

Front 12

Oxygen Delivery Equipment
•
-
-
X2

Back 12

•Nonrebreathing mask
–Provides up to 90% oxygen
–Used at 10 to 15 L/min
•Nasal cannula
–Provides 24% to 44% oxygen
–Used at 1 to 6 L/min

Front 13

Methods of Ventilation
4

Back 13

•Mouth to mask
•Two-person BVM device
•Flow-restricted,
oxygen-powered device
•One-person BVM device

Front 14

Rate of Artificial Ventilations
Adult
children
infants

Back 14

Adult — 1 breath every 5-6 seconds
Children — 1 breath every 3-5 seconds
Infants — 1 breath every 3-5 seconds

Front 15

Mouth-to-Mask Technique
4

Back 15

•Kneel at patient’s head and open airway.
•Place the mask on the patient’s face.
•Take a deep breath and breathe into the patient for 1 second.
•Remove your mouth and watch for patient’s chest to fall.

Front 16

Bag-Valve-Mask Device
4

Back 16

•Can deliver more than 90% oxygen
•Delivers less tidal volume than mouth-to-mask
•Requires practice to be proficient
•May be used with advanced airways

Front 17

Two-Person BVM Technique
4

Back 17

•Insert an oral airway.
•One caregiver maintains seal while the other delivers ventilations.
•Place mask on patient’s face.
•Squeeze bag to deliver ventilations.

Front 18

Ongoing Assessment of Ventilation
Adequate Ventilation
3

Back 18

– Equal chest rise and fall
– Ventilating at appropriate rate
– Heart rate returns to normal

Front 19

Ongoing Assessment of Ventilation
Inadequate Ventilation
3

Back 19

– Minimal or no chest rise and fall
– Ventilations too fast or slow
– Heart rate does not return to normal

Front 20

Sellick Maneuver
4

Back 20

•Also referred to as cricoid pressure.
•Use on unconscious patients to prevent gastric distention.
•Used to assist in endotracheal intubation (makes vocal cords come into view)
•Place pressure on cricoid with thumb and index finger.

Front 21

Gastric Distention

Back 21

•Artificial ventilation fills stomach with air.
•Occurs if ventilations are too forceful or too frequent or when airway is blocked
•May cause patient to vomit, and increase risk of aspiration

Front 22

Causes of Foreign Body Obstruction
5

Back 22

•Relaxation of the tongue
•Vomit
•Blood clots, bone fragments, damaged tissue
•Swelling caused by allergic reaction
•Foreign objects

Front 23

Recognizing an Obstruction
3

Back 23

•Obstruction may be mild or severe.
•Is patient able to speak or cough?
•If patient is unconscious, attempt to deliver artificial ventilation.

Front 24

Removing an Obstruction
3

Back 24

•Perform Heimlich maneuver.
•Use suction if needed.
•If attempts to clear the airway are unsuccessful, rapid transport.

Front 25

Characteristics of Adequate Breathing
5

Back 25

•Normal rate and depth
•Regular breathing pattern
•Good breath sounds on both sides of chest
•Equal rise and fall of chest
•Pink, warm, dry skin

Front 26

Physiology of Inadequate Breathing
7

Back 26

•Pulmonary vessels become obstructed.
•Bronchial airways constrict
•Alveoli are damaged.
•Air passages are obstructed.
•Swelling of upper airway
•Blood flow to the lungs is obstructed.
•Pleural space is filled.

Front 27

Signs of Inadequate Breathing: Respiratory Distress / Respiratory Depression
10

Back 27

•Slower than 12 breaths/min or faster than 20 breaths/min
•Pale or cyanotic skin ●muscle reactions
•Unequal chest expansion ●Broken sentences
•Pursed lips ●Tri-Pod Position
•Decreased breath sounds
•Nasal fairing
•Muscle retractions

Front 28

Dyspnea
2

Back 28

•Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
•May not be alert enough to complain

Front 29

Respiratory Distress
2

Back 29

•Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
•Patient may not be alert enough to complain of shortness of breath.

Front 30

Respiratory Depression
3

Back 30

•Shallow breathing
•A LOC
•May be completely unresponsive

Front 31

Respiratory Arrest
2

Back 31

•Stopped breathing completely
•Likely in or very near cardiac arrest

Front 32

Upper or Lower Airway Infection
2

Back 32

•Infectious diseases may affect all parts of the airway.
•The problem is some form of obstruction to the air flow or the exchange of gases.

Front 33

Acute Pulmonary Edema
3

Back 33

•Fluid build-up in the lungs
•History of chronic congestive heart failure
•Recurrence high

Front 34

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
3

Back 34

•COPD is the result of direct lung and airway damage from repeated infections or inhalation of toxic agents.
•Bronchitis- inflammation of bronchia’s
•Abnormal breath sounds may be present.

Front 35

COPD

Back 35

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Front 36

Asthma
4

Back 36

•Common but serious disease
•Acute spasm of the bronchia’s
•Severe respiratory distress
•Wheezing may be audible without a stethoscope.

Front 37

Spontaneous Pneumothorax
4

Back 37

•Accumulation of air in the pleural space
•Caused by trauma or some medical conditions
•Dyspnea & sharp chest pain
•Absent or decreased breath sounds on one side

Front 38

Anaphylactic Reactions
6

Back 38

•An allergen can trigger an asthma attack.
•Reaction can become systemic- severe
•Asthma and anaphylactic (allergic) reactions can be similar.
•Upper airway swelling
•Hay fever is a seasonal response to allergens.
•death

Front 39

Pleural Effusion
5

Back 39

•Collection of fluid outside lung
•Causes dyspnea
•Caused by irritation, infection, or cancer
•Decreased breath sounds over region of the chest where fluid has moved the lung away from the chest wall
•Eased if patient is sitting up

Front 40

Mechanical Obstruction of the Airway
5

Back 40

•Be prepared to treat quickly.
•Aggressive assessment is a must
•Obstruction may result from the position of head, the tongue, aspiration of vomit, or foreign body.
•Suction may be necessary
•Opening the airway with the head tilt-chin lift maneuver may solve the problem.

Front 41

Pulmonary Embolism
3

Back 41

•May be caused by surgery
•A blood clot that breaks off and circulates through the venous system
•May be blood fat air, and \or foreign bodies

Front 42

Signs and symptoms of a Pulmonary Embolism
6

Back 42

–Dyspnea
–Acute pleuritic pain
–Hemoptysis
–Cyanosis
–Tachypnea
–Varying degrees of hypoxia

Front 43

Hyperventilation
2

Back 43

•Overbreathing resulting in a decrease in the level of carbon dioxide
•May be associated with major event

Front 44

Signs and symptoms of Hyperventilation
5

Back 44

–Anxiety
–Numbness
–A sense of dyspnea despite rapid breathing
–Dizziness
–Tingling in hands and feet

Front 45

Initial Assessment
5

Back 45

•Perform initial assessment.
•Place the patient on oxygen.
•Use stethoscope
•If patient is in respiratory distress, ventilate.
•Check pulse.

Front 46

COPD Patients
6

Back 46

•COPD patients cannot handle pulmonary infections well
•Very irritable
•Usually age 50 or older
•History of recurring lung problems
•Long-term smokers
•Tightness in chest/constant fatigue

Front 47

Signs and symptoms of a Acute Pulmonary Edema
4

Back 47

–Dyspnea
–Orthopnea (cant lye down and breath) (or-thop-neya)
–Nocturnal dyspnea
–Frothy pink sputum