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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Darwin – universality of emotional expression
*where do emotions derive? habits from evolutionary past? |
Universiality of expressions: new perspective of benefits of emotion, give vividness & energy to spoken word.
-Emotions link us to past (species and infancy) |
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James is against idea that we feel an emotion it impels us to a certain activity.
What are James beleifs? |
- ANS responses = core experiences of emotion.
-emotion is perception of changes in body as react. -experience of many emotions = set of changes in the ANS. -emotions guide in right/wrong, fair/just (judgements),and give colour & warmth to experiences. |
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Descartes: the passions of the soul (1949); sensory and motor nerves, reflexes and memory " think therefore I am" What are his 6 fundamental emotions?
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-wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred and sadness.
-close connection to our bodies. -emotions =functional but soemtimes dysfunctional. |
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Cannon & Hess studied brain function from brain lesions.
-Cats with viscera removed expect reduction of emotion? |
- no reduction, intense emotions.
Subcortical regions = intense emotion. Hypothalamus stimulation= increase heart, alert & aroused...angry, attacking. (affective defensive reaction)[fight or flee] -Another region of hypothalamus should show opposite. -Hypo & limbic system: said to be lower, early in evolution. (associated with anger) -Higher center damage = uncoordinated/unsocialized behaviour. No control of lower centers. -Spinal cord and Medula: simple reflexes. -Cortex: the reflex and emotion centers below it. |
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The difference between Arnold and Tomkins?
Drives (thirst, hunger, sex)determine behaviour, Tomkins disagreed. What was his explaination? What prioritizes system? *inspired facial expression. |
A&T-Emotions = normal functioning.
A- emotions based on appraising events, based on perceptual inputs. T- emotions amplify basic drive signals, with facial expression as primary. -Affect = primary motivational system. -Illusion is created by misidentification of drive signal with amplifier. Its amplifier is its affective response. -Emotions amplify one signal (radio loudness) -can't breathe: panick fear drives signal to breathe again. -sex organs amplify sex drive take priority. |
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what is Schachter and Singer theory of emotion with 2 parts: a body physiological arousal (james)& an appraisal (arnold)?
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-injection (known effects or unknown; jumpy/aroused or happy/angry) -emotion produced by arousal+appraisal-not replicated.
-now many demos that emotions mistakenly attributed to some other aspect of a situation. -Dutton&Aron (1974): Bridge study high sex with high bridge and female survey/painful shock more attracted to female. -Emotion not created from arousal and appraisal but effects of transfer. |
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How did Insen demonstrate emotions effecting perceptions of the social world?
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-1978 free gift study=higher rating Tv & cars.
-effect strongest when people unaware the source of original mood. |
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Distinguish between an emotion and affective processes such as moods, emotional disorders, & personality.
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Emotion: last a limited amount of time, (facial expressions and bodily changes last seconds), have an object.
Mood: lasts hours, days, weeks, often objectless/unclear. Emotional Disorder: weeks, months, years. part of DSM-IV-TR. Personality: lifetime. traits sometimes have emotional component. |
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Discuss Natural selection, selection pressures, intrasexual competition and intersexual competition.
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Natural selection: characteristics that allow individuals to be adapted to enviro are selected for.
Selection Pressures: Physical and social environment which individuals have become evolved that determine survival & reproduction. Intrasexual competition: within a sex for access to mates. Intersexual competition: which one sex selects specific kinds of trails in the other sex. |
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What is Adaptation?
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-genetically based traits that allow the organism to respond well to specific selection pressure and survive to reproduce.
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Why is Genetic variation important to genetic selection?
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-Natural selection is based on genetic variation and selects for genetically based on traits that help certain individuals meet selection pressures.
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Emotions as functions: Orientation and Organization
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-Emotions enable rapid orientation to events in environments. Direct attention to specific threats and opportunities.
-Emotions coordinate the cardiovascular and respiratory systems,the different muscle groups facial expression and experiences, this enables more adaptive responses to events in environment. |
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Emotions as species-characteristic patterns that have start-up features that are programmed in genes..
- includes universal patterns of autonomic and CNS activity, recognizable facial expressions, particular gestures and vocal tones |
Species-characteristic patterns: goal-directed, unconscious plan-like set of actions.
-easily triggered but less easily modified by the individual. ..if true then emotions have biological basis that include patterns of ANS & CNS, facial expressions, gestures and vocal tones - should be universal. |
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Environment of evolutionary adaptedness” in origin of human emotions.
Three viewpoints to suggest emotions evolved to serve important social functions. |
social lives of primate relatives: many emotional reactions observed=distinctive patterns of interaction.
caregiving:protecting and helping the blind. way of life. hierarchy:quick & peaceful allocation of goods. cooperation: reconsilation for peace. -emotions structure interactions in ways that enable individuals to respond to threats and opportunities. |
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what are "human universals” – cultural inventions that distinguish humans from other primates; all are social, many are emotion-based
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Language- conversation = verbal grooming.
theory of mind- can think about what others might be thinking and we know some of what others know. |
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Assumptions of cultural approach to emotion:
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-that emotions are constructed primarily by the processes of culture
- emotions can be roles that people fulfill to play out culture-specific identities and relationships |
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Three approaches in culture and emotion:
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self-construal approach – the independent and the interdependent self dictated by culture and leading to differences in emotions
values approach – cultural differences in values drives differences in emotions; different elicitors of emotions related to values epistemological approach – knowledge structures and theories of the culture guide thought, affect, behavior, and emotions |
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Approaches to studying cultural influences on emotion:
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cross-cultural comparisons – cultures differ in emotional response based on whether “engaging” or “disengaging” elicitors are involved; cultural differences in “display rules”
ethnographies – in-depth descriptions of social life of 1 member of a culture historical approaches – uses different kinds of evidence to study past to reveal the emotional life of a culture at a specific historical time |
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Integration of evolutionary and cultural approaches to emotion:
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-both start from assumption that emotions contribute solutions to basic problems of social living
- both assume emotions help humans form attachments, care for offspring, develop hierarchies, and maintain long-term relationships - both assume emotions serve important, functional and adaptive, functions |
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Differences in questions of:
o What is an emotion o Are emotions universal o What are the origins of emotions o What are the functions of emotions |
cultures vary in value they attach to different emotions, in emotion display rules in the elicitors and language of emotion and the complexity of emotional experince.
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