Emotions & Mental Health

Front 1

What is "Aprosodia"?

Back 1

1. Disturbance in affective components of language.
2. Flat tone of voice - no emotional expression.
3. Lack of comprehension of affective content of lthers.
4. Not able to understand other people's facial expression.
5. Damage to right hemisphere.

Front 2

What is "Executive Functio"?

Back 2

1. The actual decision making process associated with hight cortical attributes = Goal oriented behavior and planning.
2. Integration of several cognitive skills.

Front 3

List integration of cognitive skills in executive function. List 8.

Back 3

1. Planning & organizing.
2. Mental flexibility and abstraction = Concrete thinking.
3. Insight and impulse control.
4. Awareness or insight into limitations.
5. Safety awarness.
6. Ability to correct mistake.
7. Problem solving.
8. Judgement.

Front 4

What is area of brain associated with executive functin?

Back 4

1. Prefrontal cortex.

Front 5

What particular area of prefrontal cortex is associated with loss of executive function?

Back 5

Dorsolateral prefrontal area.

Front 6

What particular area of prefrontal cortex is associated with inappropreate & risky behavior. This person can identify own risky behavior but unable to control it.

Back 6

Orbitofrontal lesion.

Front 7

What brain area is associated with personality and emotion?

Back 7

1. Orbitogtontal cortex.
2. Limbic association cortex.

Front 8

What will result in orbitofrontal cortex injury?

Back 8

1. inappropreate and risky behavior.
2. Poor judgement.
3. Difficulty conforming to social norm.
4. Poor impulse control.
5. Easily frustrated.
6. Outbursts.

Front 9

Change in emotions can occur with damage to what part of the brain? List 3.

Back 9

1. Prefrontal lobe.
2. Orbitofrontal lobe.
3. Limbic structure.

Front 10

What are emotions? List 3.

Back 10

1. Physiological component.
2. Motor expression = laughng & crying.
3. Emotions (intellectual action) and occupation.

Front 11

What part of the brain is associated with emotion? List 7.

Back 11

1. Amygdala in Limbic system.
2. Cingulate in Limbic system.
3. Hippocampus in Limbic system.
4. Hypothalamus.
5. Prefrontal cortex.
6. Limbic assoication cortex.
7. Other relencephalic structures.

Front 12

Explain functions of amygala in emotion. List 4.

Back 12

1. Fear.
2. Attention & arousal.
3. Facial expression.
4. Body language.

Front 13

Explain functions of cingulate in emotion. List 3.

Back 13

1. Links frontal lobe & limbic system.
2. Focusing attention to emotinal events.
3. Associating memory to smell and pain.

Front 14

Explain functions of hippocampus in emotion? List 2.

Back 14

1. Formation of new memory.
2. Convertion short-term memory to long-term memory.

Front 15

Exploain functions of prefrontal cortex in emotion. List 3.

Back 15

1. Closely linked to the limbic system.
2. Control emotion & motivation.
3. Pleasure & addiction.

Front 16

Explain functions of limbic association cortex. List 1.

Back 16

1. Control emotion & motivation.

Front 17

Explain Norepinephrine in emotion.

Back 17

1. Produced at Locus coeruleus in reticular formation.
2. Directing attention.
3. Mood.
4. Emotion.
5. Vigilance.

Front 18

Explian Dopaime in emotion.

Back 18

1. Produced at substantia nigra in basal ganglia.
2. Decision making, pleaseure, motivation, & reward.

Front 19

Explain Serotonin in emotion.

Back 19

1. Located in Raph nuclei in reticular formation.
2. Aggression control.

Front 20

Explain GABA in emotion/

Back 20

1. Important inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Front 21

Explain behavioral stress response. List 2.

Back 21

1. Avoid behavior.
2. Increased vigilance and arousal.

Front 22

Explain physiological response. List3.

Back 22

1. Motor neuron activity increase muscle tension.
2. Activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS = decreased blood flow to kidney, blah blah blah....
3. Release of cortisol from the adrenal gland (HPA axis) = increased heart rate + relax muscle.

Front 23

What is HPA axis?

Back 23

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Front 24

Explain HPA axis in stress response system.

Back 24

1. Sensory info processed in amygdala to hypothalamus.
2. Neurons in hypothalamus synthexize and secrete CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone).
3. CRH causes pituitary gland to release ACTH.
4. ACTH acts onadrenal gland to produce = Initate release of cortisol.

Front 25

What is "cortisol"?

Back 25

1. Released in response to stress or low level of blood glucocorticoid.
2. Anti-inflammatory.

Front 26

What part of the brain associated with the stress response system? List 2 and explain how..

Back 26

1. Amygdala - Activates stress response = CRH release = Start "stress response.
2. Hippocampus = Supress stress response (CRH suppression).

Front 27

What role "amygdala" plays in the HPA axis (stress response)?

Back 27

1. Activate stress response.
2. CRH release.
3. Start stress response.

Front 28

What role "hippocampus" plays in the HPA axis (stress response)?

Back 28

1. Supress stress response.
2. CRH suppression.
3. Stop stress response.

Front 29

What is "anxiety disorders"?

Back 29

1. Inappropriate expression of stress response when stress is not present.
2. Inappropriate expression of stress response when it it not immediately threatening.

Front 30

List 6 anxiety disorders.

Back 30

1. Panic disorder.
2. Agoraphobia.
3. Obsessive compulsive disorder.
4. Generalized anxiety disorder.
5. Specific phobia.
6. PTSD.

Front 31

What is "panic disorder"?

Back 31

Unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress.

Front 32

What is "agoraphbia"?

Back 32

A fear of public places and open spaces.

Front 33

What is "Obsessive-Compulsive disorder"?

Back 33

1. Recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
2. Repetitive behaviors such as handwashing, counting, checking, or cleaning are often performed with the hope of preventing obsessive thoughts or making them go away.
3. Performing "rituals" provides only temporary relief.
4. Not performing rituals markedly increases anxiety.

Front 34

What is "generalized anxiety disoder"?

Back 34

Chronic anxiety, exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.

Front 35

What is "specific phobisa"?

Back 35

An unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations.

Front 36

What is "PTSD"?

Back 36

1. Develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened.
2. Persistent frightening thoughts and memories of their ordeal and feel emotionally numb, especially with people they were once close to.
3. May experience sleep problems, feel detached or numb, or be easily startled.

Front 37

Describe neurobilogy of "PTSD".

Back 37

Chronic physiological arousal lead to...
1. Reduced regulatin of autonomic reacrtions to internal & external stimuli.
2. Decreased capacity to respond normally to emotional arousal or external stressors.
3. Hyperarousal and hyperstartle.
4. Disturbed appraisal process.
5. Disturbed learning & memory.
6. Increased CRH and decreased sympathetic nerous system.

Front 38

What is "major depression"?

Back 38

1. Affective disorder.
2. Feeling sad, blue, unhappy, miserable, or down in the dumps.
3. Feeling that one's emotional state is no longer under one's control.
4. Decline in interest or pleasure in all activities.

Front 39

What is the symptoms of "major depression"?

Back 39

1. Sleep disturbance.
2. Diminishe appetite.
3. Loss of energy.
4. Decreased sex drive.
5. Restlessness, slowing down of thoughts, feeleing of worthlessness, thoughts about dying.

Front 40

What is the cause of major depression?

Back 40

1. Decreased level of norepinephrine metabolite = locus coeruleus.
2. Decrease level of serotonin metabolites = raffi neuclei.

Front 41

What medications are used to treat major depression?

Back 41

1. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
2. NE-selective reuptake inhibitor.
3. Tricyclics.
4. Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO inhibitor).

Front 42

What is "MAOI"?

Back 42

1. Inhibit serotonin & catecholamine.
2. Aboid tyramine (found in cheese, wine, pickles & decongestion medicine).

Front 43

What is "Schizophrenia"?

Back 43

1. Abnormalities in perception or expression of reality.
2. Disordered thinking, delusions, hallucinations, & social wthdrawal.
3. Typical onset in young adulthood.
4. Affect about 1% of population.

Front 44

Describe "positive" symptms of schizophrenia. List 3.

Back 44

1. Hallucinations - Perception in absence of stimuli = See, hear, and/or smell things are not real.
2. Deluion - False belief.
3. Though disorder - Unsusal or dysfunctional ways of thinking. i.e., thought of persecution.

Front 45

Describe "negative" symptoms of schizophrenia. List 4.

Back 45

1. Flat affect.
2. Avolitin - Lack of desire, drive, or motivation to pursue meaningful goals.
3. Ahnedonia - Inability to experience pleasurable emotions from normally pleasurable life events.
4. Alogia - Poverty of speech.

Front 46

What is neurochemical hypothesis on schizophrenia?

Back 46

1. Increased dopamine in mesolimbic pathway = Positive symptoms.
2. Underactivity in mesocortical dopamine pathway = Negative symptoms.
3. NMDA hypofunction = Dysfunctional glutamatergic neurtransmission in prefrontal cortex --> Both positive & negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction.

Front 47

What is "Glutamatergic"

Back 47

Most know for hallucinogenic proterty.

Front 48

What changes may be seen in brain of schizophrenia patient?

Back 48

1. Reduction in the volume of gray matter (frontal lobe).
2. Enlarged ventricles.
3. Reduced size of hippocampus and amygdala.
4. Alterations in blood flow to certain area of brain.

Front 49

List treatment options for schizophrenia.

Back 49

1. Traditional antipsychotic drugs for positive symptoms = side effect tardive dyskinesia.
2. Atypical medications such as serotonin-dopamine antagonists.
3. Meds affecting glutamate levels under development.

Front 50

What is the side effect of traditional medication for schizophrenia?

Back 50

1. Tardive dyskinesia = Repetitive involuntary purposeless movement.
2. Perkinson's like symptoms.