Emotions

Front 1

Do all mammals have emotion?

Back 1

yes

Front 2

What system does emotional arousal effect?

Back 2

visceral motor
sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

Front 3

What is the relationship between emotional response and visceral response?

Back 3

1) facial expressions can cause visceral response
2) facial expressions can also cause subjective feelings

Front 4

What is the difference between smile simulation and a real smile (like from a joke)? (2)

Back 4

fake smile: voluntary motor cortical input pyramidal tract
real smile: extrapyramidal via anterior cingulate

Front 5

What is a pyramidal smile?

Back 5

volitional movement

Front 6

What is a Duchenne smile?

Back 6

extrapyramidal projections from forebrain and hypothalamus

Front 7

What is voluntary facial paresis?

Back 7

when you disrupt the pyramidal tracts going from motor cortex to brainstem/facial nucleus

Front 8

What is emotional facial paresis?

Back 8

when you disrupt the extrapyramidal projections from medial forebrain and hypothalamus

Front 9

How is the hypothalamus involved in expression of emotional behavior?

Back 9

It serves an intermediary between the descending cortical outputs and the motor nuclei

Front 10

What happens when you remove the descending hypothalamic outputs?

Back 10

no emotional expression even if you have lesioned the cortical area

Front 11

What is the proof that the hypothalamus is the intermediary between the cortex and brainstem motor nuclei?

Back 11

if you lesion the cat decerebrate so that you are below the midbrain, you are able to maintain rage behavior

Front 12

What is the role of the hypothalamus in emotional behavior?

Back 12

1)hypothalamus integrates emotional information
2)hypothalamus controls nuclei in reticular formation of the brainstem
3)nuclei in reticular formation are involved somatic and autonomic functions

Front 13

What is the function of the reitcular activating system for emotional responses?

Back 13

1)vigilence
2)cardiovascular control
3) respiration

Front 14

What happens to emotional response when you remove or excessively stimulate the hypothalamus?

Back 14

remove-Bard- no emotional response
stimulate - Hess- cowering

Front 15

What type of responses do you get emotional responses from the somatic motor system?

Back 15

they can be volitional or non volitional

Front 16

What is the pathway for volitional movement using the somatic motor system? (5)

Back 16

1)descending pyrmidal projections from motor cortex that can be medial or lateral
2)medial-posture and lateral-fine control of distal extremities
3)lateral synapse directly on motor neuron pool for muscle contraction and movement
4) medial can synapse on motor neuron pool but also on brainstem reticular formation first
5)once in the motor neuron pool the cranial nerve nuclei in ventral horn and autonomic preganglionics go to smooth muscle and glands

Front 17

Is the visceral motor system for emotion voluntary or non voluntary?

Back 17

non voluntary

Front 18

What is the pathway for visceral motor systems and emotion? (3)

Back 18

1)limbic centers of ventral medial forebrain and hypothalamus give off medial and lateral branches
2)medial branch gain setting, rhytmic reflex and can to brainstem reticular formation or motor nueron pools
3) lateral nuclei for specific emotional behaviors go right to autonomic preganglionic fibers

Front 19

What are the two primary controllers of emotional expression?

Back 19

1) hypothalamus
2)brainstem

Front 20

Whats in the limbic lobe? (2)

Back 20

cingulate gyrus
parahippocampus of temporal lobe

Front 21

Whats the Papez circuit?

Back 21

cingulate -->hypothalamus
1)mamillary bodies
2) dorsal anterior thalamus
3) cingulate
4) hippocampus
5) fornix
6) mamillary body

Front 22

What was not included in Papez circuit? (4)

Back 22

1)orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
2) ventral nucleus of the basal ganglia
3)mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
4) amygdala

Front 23

is hippocampus involved in emotion?

Back 23

no

Front 24

What is the modern view of emotion and the limbic system?

Back 24

the structures papez forgot, not the ones in Papez circuit

Front 25

What are signs of amygdaloid damage? (10)

Back 25

1) inability to recognize people
2) lack of fear reaction and rage reaction
3) emotional flattening
4) short term memory loss
5) hypersexuality
6) hyperphagia
7) bulimia
8) weight gain
9) socially innapropriate licking
10) seizures

Front 26

What are the three main groups forming the amygdaloid complex?

Back 26

1)medial group
2) basal lateral complex
3) central nucleus

Front 27

What does the medial group do in the amygdala?

Back 27

sense of smell

Front 28

Amygdala, basal lateral complex function? (2) (input/output)

Back 28

receive input from prefrontal cortex, associational temporal cortex
gives output to central nucleus

Front 29

What is the central complex function (input/output)

Back 29

input: basal lateral complex
output: nuclei in hypothalamus and reticular formation

Front 30

How do you measure emotional processing in brain?

Back 30

fear conditioning

Front 31

What is fear conditioning?

Back 31

1)conditioning a tone with electric shock
2)eventually tone on its own will predict a rise in bp and postural freezing associated with shock

Front 32

Why do you want to study fear conditioning?

Back 32

so you can see what part of brain produces the conditioned fear response

Front 33

How did the researchers figure out that the amygdala mediated the fear conditioning?

Back 33

by lesioning the rat in the different pathways from auditory to somatomotor and autonomic activity

Front 34

What is the over all circuit for the fear conditioning? (5)

Back 34

1) auditory pathway
2) MGN
3) auditory cortex
4)amygdala
5) somatomotor and autonomic output

Front 35

What parts of the fear conditioning circuit is required for fear response?

Back 35

1)connection from MGN to amygdala
2) connection from amygdala to brainstem and hypothalamus

Front 36

What happens if you destroy the connection from the amygdala to the hypothalamus?

Back 36

no rise in blood pressure associated with fear response

Front 37

What happens if you destroy the connection from the amygdala to the reticular formation?

Back 37

no fear response

Front 38

What is the model of associative learning in amygdala in rats?

Back 38

Sensory stimuli and inputs are spatially summated enough times that strengthens their connection
eventually the primary reinforcer alone will stimulate the outputs

Front 39

What happens with patients who have Urbach-Wiethe disease?

Back 39

bilateral calcification and atrophy of anterior temporal lobes which leads to amygdala damage

Front 40

What are the two findings you see in human patients with amygdala damage?

Back 40

1) can not recognize fearful faces or draw a fear ful face
2) can not distinguish a trustworthy face from an untrustworthy face both from their amygdala patterns and subjective

Front 41

What is the overall function of the amgydala in emotion

Back 41

judge and respond to fearful stimuli

Front 42

What are the two types of info that the amygdala integrates?

Back 42

unimodal-like from thalamus (like a sense, like a sound)
multimodal- processed info from all over

Front 43

What did the Phineas Gange accident show about cortex and emotion?

Back 43

orbital and medial portion of prefrontal cortex are involved in personality and emotion

Front 44

What two structures does the orbital and media prefrontal cortex connect with?

Back 44

1)amygdala
2)mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus

Front 45

What areas does the amygdala connect? (3)

Back 45

cortical areas - (1) orbital and medial frontal cortex
with subcortical areas - (2) ventral basal ganglia + (3)mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus

Front 46

What is the neural model for awarness of emotional feelings?

Back 46

1)triggering info
2) can go to explicit memory in hippocampus or
2) associative learning in amygdala
3)directly to working memory in prefrontal cortex for conscious awareness
4)from amygdala or hippocampus it can go to cortex
or
4)it can go from hippocampus to amygdala and vice versa

Front 47

What happens in depression?

Back 47

increased blood flow and increased activity to prefrontal cortex

Front 48

What helps depression?

Back 48

SSRis or noradrenaline reuptake

Front 49

Is the brain lateralized for emotion?

Back 49

yes

Front 50

What is the right cortex lateralized for? (3)

Back 50

1)inflecting emotion
2) negative emotions
3) assessing sensory information for emotional content

Front 51

What is the left cortex lateralized for

Back 51

positive emotions