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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Erikson's psychological conflict of MC
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industry vs inferiority
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Industry vs inferiority
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resolved positively when experiences lead kids to develop sense of competence at useful skills and tasks
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Changes in self concept in MC
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1. Make social comparisons (own traits vs others)
2. Child emphasizes competencies and general dispositions |
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4 aspects of self esteem in MC
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Academic competence
Social competence Physical competence Physical appearance |
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type of self esteem most closely related to overall self esteem
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Physical appearance
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Changes in self esteem in MC
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esteem declines during first years of elementary school
balance social comparisons w/personal goals --> rise in esteem after 4th grade |
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Which child rearing style related to high self esteem in kids
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Authoritative
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Attributions
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Common everyday explanations of the causes of behavior
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Mastery oriented attributions
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attributions that credit success to ability
improvement through trying focus on LEARNING GOALS (process of understanding) |
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Learned helplessness
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attribute failures to ability
success due to external factors like luck cannot improve by trying focus on PERFORMANCE GOALS (results) |
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Dweck's motivational process model
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2 inteligence theories:
ENTITY (intelligence fixed)->performance goal-> high confidence =mastery oriented low confidence = learned helplessness INCREMENTAL (malleable intelligence) ->learning goal->mastery oriented |
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attribution retaining
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adult intervention encourages learned helpless kids to believe they can succeed through effort
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Perspective taking
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capacity to imagine what other people think/feel
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Selman's theory of perspective taking
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1. recognize self and other have diff thoughts but confuse the two
2. understand diff perspectives result from access to diff info 3. can step into another persons shoes and others can do same 4. can step into two person situation and imagine 3rd person perspective of self and other 5. understand 3rd party influenced by larger cultural values |
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How do researchers assess peer acceptance
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self reports that measure social preferences (who they like) or social prominence
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4 categories of peer acceptance
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Popular
Rejected Controversial Neglected |
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Characteristics of only children
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North American - higher esteem, achievement motivation, higher levels of edu, just as many close friends
less accepted in peer group |
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Characteristics of kids of gay and lesbian fams
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No diff in sex orientation or mental health, peer relations or gender identity
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Risks for kids in never married single parent families
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financial hardship and less likely to recieve paternal child support
achieve less in school, more antisocial marriage only benefits if dad is source of emotion and economic support |
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Age and immediate consequences of divorce
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younger kids blame themselves, fearful, anxious and defiant
school age - escape into undesirable peer activities oldest child - more understanding willing to take more tasks |
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Temperament and sex and immediate consequences of divorce
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stress magnifies problems of difficult kids
girls internalize rxns or attention getting behavior boys act out and recieve less emotional support |
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General adjustment two years after divorce
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most show improved adjustment
score slightly lower in academics, esteem, social competence and emotional and behavior adjustment |
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Most important factor in child's positive adjustment following divorce
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how well custodial parent handles stress and shields child from family conflict and extent of authoritative parenting
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Remain in high conflict intact family vs transition to low conflict single parent household
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worse to remain in conflict intact fam
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Variables related to adjustment in blended families
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which parent remarries
age sex of child |
girls and older kids have more trouble
father-stepmother families - kids react negatively |
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blended families
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fam structure formed through cohabitation or remarriage that involves parent, child and step relatives
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Variables related to how maternal employment affects development
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ENJOY WORK and REMAIN COMMITED TO PARENTING = higher self esteem, positive fam and peer relations, less gender stereotypes and better grades esp girls
too stressful = ineffective parenting |
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Factors that foster resiliency in MC
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Personal characteristics
Warm family life Authoritative parenting Social supports |
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Suggestibility of preschool kids vs school age kids
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suggesting facts, interrupting denials and reinforcement increase incorrect reporting for all kids
dolls prompting recall inc suggestibility of preschoolers but helps older kids |
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