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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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James-Lange Theory
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We experience emotion in response to physiological changes. e.g. we feel sad because we cry
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Cannon Bard Theory
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Emotional experience can occur independently of emotion. Thalamus plays important role.
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Interoceptive Awareness
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Aware of body's autonomic function
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Limbic Lobe
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Group of cortical areas that are distinctly different from the surrounding cortex. Form a ring around brain stem.
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Papez Circuit
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Cingulate cortex. Emotion governed by hypothalamus. Cingulate cortex projects to the hippocampus by way of fornix. Some are no longer important e.g. hippocampus
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Limbic System
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Group of structures that govern expression of emotion.
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Temporal lobectomy
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Bilateral removal of the temporal lobes. Makes animals less fearful, aggressive, sexual (Kluver Bucy Syndrome)
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Amygdala
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Situated in the pole of the temporal lobe. Complex of nuclei. Basolateral, corticomedial, central. Involved in fear/emotion
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Amygdalofugal Pathway and Stria Terminalis
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All sensory systems have different projections. These are the 2 major pathways of emotion.
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Learned fear
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Amygdala.
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Predatory Aggression
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Stalking prey/attacks made against a member of a different species for purpose of obtaining food.
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Affective Aggression
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For show rather than food. Amygdala involved in aggressive behavior.
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Psychosurgery
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Remove part of brain to treat mental disorder
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Sham rage
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Demonstrates all manifestations of rage but in a situation that did not warrant such a response.
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Medial forebrain bundle and dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
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2 major pathways for sending signals about autonomic functions.
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Periacqueductal Grey Matter
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Medial hypothalamus sends axons to PAG by way of dorsal longitudinal fasciculus. Stimulation produces affective aggression.
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Electroencephalogram
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EEG. Glimpse general activity of the cerebral cortex. Richard Caton, 1875. Waking/Sleeping EEGs are different.
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Magnetoencephalography
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MEG. Measures magnetic fields of neurons in brain. Records rapid neural fluctuations too fast for PET/fMRI. Directly measures neuronal activity.
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Beta Rhythms
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Fastest waves, greater than 14 Hz. Demonstrate activated cortex.
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Alpha Rhythms
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8-13 Hz. Quite, waking state.
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Theta Rhythms
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4-7 Hz. During some sleep states.
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Delta Rhythms
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Less than 4 Hz. Large amplitude. Occur during deep sleep.
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Generalized Seizure
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Entire cerebral cortex of both hemispheres
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Partial Seizure
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Only a circumscribed area of the cortex
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Epilepsy
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Repeated seizures
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Tonic/Clonic Seizure
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All muscle groups driven by ongoing or rhythmic patterns.
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Absence Seizures
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During childhood, less than 30 sec of generalized, 3 Hz EEG waves accompanied by loss of consciousness.
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REM Sleep
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Rapid Eye Movement. EEG looks more awake than asleep. Body is immobilized (atonia). Vivid detailed illusions = dreams
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non-REM sleep
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Brain doesn't generate dreams. Slow-wave sleep. Muscle tension reduced, minimal movement.
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Ultradian Rhythm
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Sleep rhymths. Faster than circadian.
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Sleep cycle
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75% in non-REM. Stage 1 = light sleep, Stage 2 = Sleep spindle, oscillation of EEG. Stage 3 = Delta rhythms, no movememnt. Stage 4 = Deep sleep.
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Why do we sleep?
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Restoration and Adaptation Theories. Rest and recover, or sleep to keep out of trouble, hide.
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Dreams
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Sigmund Freud (wish fulfillment)
Integration, consolidation of memories. No learning. |
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REM sleep behavior disorder
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Don't become paralyzed, injure themselves.
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Sleep promoting factors
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Muramyl peptide - In bacteria, cause fevers. Promote non-REM sleep. Adenosine (antagonist = caffeine). Melatonin = hormone. Tryptophan.
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Circadian rhythms
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Daily cycles of daylight and darkness that result from spin of earth.
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Zeitgebers
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Environmental time cues (light/dark, temperature etc.)in humans, 24.5-25.5 hours = 1 rhythm
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Suprachiasmatic nuclei
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SCN. Smallest neurons. Location of biological clock. Not rods or cones but special Ganglion cells (photoreceptors) Melanopsin.
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Clock genes
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transcribed to produce mRNA that is then translated into proteins. New proteins send feedback and somehow interact with the transcription mechanism causing a decrease in gene expression
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