Emotion

Front 1

the principle of antithesis

Back 1

opposite messages are signalled by opposite movements and postures. i.e. aggression in cat raises back vs submission, like stretching

Front 2

the common sense view theory of emotion

Back 2

the emotional feelings cause the emotional response:

1. Perception of the emotion-eliciting event (e.g. see a bear).
2. Subjective feelings of emotion (e.g. fear).
3. Behavioral and adaptive physiological responses (e.g. trembling, sweating and running away).

Front 3

James- Lange Theory of emotions

Back 3

1. Perception of emotion-eliciting event (e.g. see a bear).
2. Appropriate set of physiological responses are triggered (e.g. sweating, trembling, increased heart rate).
3. The emotional event also triggers adaptive behaviours (e.g. clench fists, run away).
4. The brain receives feedback from the peripheral nervous system which constitutes our feelings of emotion.

Front 4

walter cannons problems with james lange theory (2)

Back 4

1. The internal organs (or viscera) are relatively insensitive and do not respond quickly enough to account for our
emotional feelings.
2. Cutting the sensory nerves between the internal organs and the central nervous system does not abolish emotional behaviour in animals.

Front 5

what support is there for the james lange theory

Back 5

- Studied paraplegics who had spinal cord surgery at different levels.

- Patients were asked about their emotional feelings.

- Those with highest transections (i.e. surgery high up the spinal cord) showed less intense emotional feelings.

- Other subjects showed angry behaviour (the emotional response) without feeling angry.

- Thus, the emotional experience lacked the intensity that was experienced before the surgery.

Front 6

The Papez Circuit

Back 6

- sensory pathway can be divided into two different streams: thought and feeling
- pathway can be transmitted upstream or downstream
- pathway from hypothalamus to cingulate cortex involved in subjective emotional experience
- pathway back to hypothalamus involved in expression of emotion

Front 7

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Back 7

temporal lobe lesions of amygdala showed:
reduced fear, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyper aggression

Front 8

Know the structure of the limbic system and their functions (septum, amygdala, mammilliary bodies, fornix, cingulate cortex, hippocampus)

Back 8

see image

Front 9

Central nucleus of amygdaloid complex

Back 9

-activation of this area elicits a variety of emotional responses
- particularly important for expression of emotional responses to adverse stimuli
- neural activity here increases in presence of threatening things
-lesions to this area result in no fear to threats and less stress. stimulation results in the opposite

Front 10

medial nucleus in amygdaloid complex

Back 10

has many subnuclei which receive sensory input info and relay it to basil forebrain and hypothalamus. Involved in reproductive functions

Front 11

lateral nucleus of amygdaloid complex

Back 11

receives info from prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus, and projects to the basil ganglia (nucleus cumbers), basal/accessory basal regions of amygdala and dorsomedial thalamus,

Front 12

Basal forebrain is important in product of...

Back 12

ACh

Front 13

Look over the brain regions the central nucleus sends output to which control various emotions

Back 13

Front 14

extinction

Back 14

Extinction is NOT the same as forgetting. In extinction, the animal learns that the CS is longer followed by an aversive stimulus. Therefore, the CR expression is inhibited.

Front 15

monkeys with amygdala lesions react how?

Back 15

show no fear when presented with a snake real or fake and had no problem reaching over it to get food

Front 16

people with amygdala lesions/damage...

Back 16

-fail to acquire conditioned emotional responses
- seeing words that denote threatening stimuli usually increases amygdala activity

Front 17

aggressive behaviours, threat behaviours, defensive behaviours, submissive behaviours, predation

Back 17

biting, hissing, species- typical; warn adversary to leave or will become target; shown by threatened animal; animal accepts defeat; one species attacks another for food usually

Front 18

Stimulating the Pariaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG) in the midbrain...

Back 18

elecits predatory and defensive behaviour

Front 19

Role of 5HT in impulse control of monkeys

Back 19

high levels of serotonin metabolite 5-H1AA indicates elevated serotonin activity. Monkeys with LOW levels of 5-HH1AA were risk takers and aggressive- usually died early or were killed

Front 20

Role of serotonin in impulse control of humans

Back 20

low levels of serotonin metabolite 5-H1AA (=low levels of serotonin) is associated with assault, aggression, and areon.
-SSRIs decrease aggressiveness
-serotonin transporter has 2 alleles, long and short. if you have at least one short one you will more likely show high anxiety levels

Front 21

prefrontal cortex's role in emotions

Back 21

prefrontal cortex plays large role in regulating our emotions and avoiding impulsive behaviours

Front 22

Ventral Prefrontal Cortex (PFv) - (parts, locations)

Back 22

Parts: consists of the orbital prefrontal (PFo) cortex and the ventromedial prefrontal (PFvm) cortex.
Locations: - The PFo is located at the ventral surface of the frontal lobe and covers the brain above the eye orbits.
- PFvm lies adjacent to PFo. It occupies the medial extent of the ventral surface.

Front 23

Functions of the PFv (3)

Back 23

a) exchanges info about environment and future planning with the amygdala, hippocampus, ventral tegmental area (dopamine!) and olfactory system
b) has inhibitory connections with the amygdala which are responsible for suppressing emotional responses in social situations - PHINEAS GAGE
c) Patients with PFv damage make decisions that are rewarding in the short term but lead to detrimental effects in the long term (e.g. gambling)

Front 24

Iowa Gambling Task

Back 24

Subjects were given a stake of $2000 play money and were instructed to win as much as possible. Subjects had to draw cards from one of four decks. Two were good decks and two were bad decks.

- Selecting cards from the ‘good’ decks lead to low rewards but low penalties.

- Selecting cards from the ‘bad’ decks lead to to high rewards but high penalties.

- Control subjects showed changes in skin conductance associated with ‘emotional stress’ just before they chose a card from the bad deck.

- Control subjects eventually shifted their responses from bad decks to good decks. That is, they let their emotional response guide their choice behaviour.

- Patients with PFv damage (especially PFo damage) did not show signs of stress ‘before’ they selected from the ‘bad’ deck but showed autonomic changes ‘after’ they made a choice that cost them money- they realize their mistakes and feel emotional responses when it is too late.

- Patients with amygdala damage failed to show any emotional changes before or after the choice of cards.

- Thus, emotional responses are important in guiding our decisions.

Front 25

psychopaths and emotional response

Back 25

Subjects were presented with a picture of a man’s face paired with a painful stimulus.
- Control subjects show autonomic signs of emotional conditioning (e.g. galvanic skin response) and activation of the amygdala, PFo and PFvm and insula.
- Psychopathic subjects fail to develop a conditioned emotional response and little sign of brain activation.

Front 26

Facial expression of emotion

Back 26

- innate
- Ekman and Friesen (1971) showed that an isolated tribe in New Guinea were able to recognize and produce emotional expressions by westerners.

Front 27

role of amygdala in emotion (4)

Back 27

- Damage to the amygdala impairs the ability to recognize facial expressions of fear.

- Increased amygdala activity when people view fearful faces, not happy faces.

- involved in recognition, not expression- patient had lesion to amygdala and can regocnize and produce all emotions except fear- even seeing a picture of herself being fearful
- viewing fearful eyes activates amygdala

Front 28

which regions input enable facial recognition?

Back 28

- Superior colliculus and pulvinar input to the amygdala enable facial recognition (not input from the visual association area!).
- Patients with damage to the visual cortex, who have no conscious awareness of looking at a person’s face, show activation in the thalamus, superior colliculus and the amygdala when viewing fearful faces.

Front 29

amygdala lesions and eye movements for emotion recognition

Back 29

Control subjects spontaneously look at and examine the eyes of a face to detect the emotional state of the person they are interacting with, but patient with lesion doesn't look at eyes ( she can do so if trained and can then recognize emotion but must be told to)

Front 30

When are neurons in Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) activated?

Back 30

- Neurons in a monkeys’ superior temporal sulcus (STS) increases firing rate when it looks at photographs of another monkey or human ‘gazing’ in a particular direction for example when the gaze is up.
- gaze direction is informative
- lesions of this do NOT impair ability to recognize faces, only gazes

Front 31

Somatosensory cortex and emotion recognition

Back 31

- activity in somatosensory cortex increases during emotion recognition
-Patients who are unable to recognise and identify facial expressions of emotions typically have severe damage to
the somatosensory cortex.
- - This suggests that when we see a facial expression of an emotion, we unconsciously imagine ourselves making that expression. That is, we imitate what we see.

Front 32

facial expressions of emotion; volitional facial paresis vs. emotional facial paresis

Back 32

- involuntary, we innately imitate them (babies imitate facial expressions at 36 hours)
- People with volitional facial paresis are unable to voluntarily control facial muscles but can express genuine emotion with those muscles (caused by damage to the face portion of PMC). The reverse is true of people with emotional facial paresis (caused by damage to the insular region of premotor cortex).

Front 33

Roles of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (PFvm)

Back 33

- courage and overcoming fear
- inhibiting CR after extinction has taken place
- making emotional (vs utilitarian) responses to moral situations/ decisions
- jokes activate PFvm

Front 34

Affective Blindness

Back 34

person who cannot see can identify facial expressions

Front 35

which cortex is activated at disgust?

Back 35

insular- both at feeling disgust oneself as well as seeing disgust. Hearing sounds like "yuck" can also activate it like seeing it

Front 36

which hemisphere lesion would impair emotion expression? stimulating emotional expression like a smile causes activity where?

Back 36

right hemisphere; autonomic nervous system