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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GPI
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Glass Packaging Institute
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Characteristics of Glass
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-Molecular structure of liquid
-physical characteristics of a solid -non-crystalline solid -random molecular structure |
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Characteristics of Glass
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-smooth viscosity increases with cooling
-no melting or freezing point |
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What is Viscosity?
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a measure in poises at a specific temperature.
ex. water at 70 F has 1/100 poise Light oil at 70 F has 1 poise Heavy oil at 70 F has 7 poises |
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As glass gets cooler..
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it gets stiffer and more viscous.
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Raw Materials
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Components
-Silica Sand: Glass Former -Soda Ash: Reduces melting temperature |
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Raw Materials Continued...
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-Limestone: improves chemical durability
-Alumina: reduces tendency to devitrify |
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Cullet (Recycled Glass)
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2 Types
-Plant Cullet (internal) -Ecology Cullet (Post Consumer) |
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Benefits of Cullet
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-100% reusable
-closes the loop -lowers energy usage -reduces raw materials used. |
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Furnace utilizes between _ & _ % Cullet
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15 & 90%
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Glass Composition- minor ingredients
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-fining agents
-decolorizers -colorizers |
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Fining Agents
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Sulfate + Carbon
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Flint (Clear) Decolorizing
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-iron content imparts green color
-selenium metal imparts pink or salmon color =combination produces a gray color, appearing clear to human eye. |
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Amber Glass
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Iron + Sulfur + excess carbon
-reduced glass (oxygen starved) -absorbs wavelengths < 450 nm |
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Green Glass
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-Chrome Oxide:
more Cr203= darker color |
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Oxidized
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oxygen rich
-emerald green, georgia green |
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Reduced
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oxygen starved
-Dead leaf green, champagne green, french green, antique green |
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Blue and other colored glass
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-Blue=cobalt oxide (very powerful colorant)
-smoke=nickel -turquoise=copper -peach=selenium -purple=manganese |
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Types 1
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Pharmaceutical applications
-borosilicate/ stringent extractables |
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Type 2
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Soda lime/ treated in annealing oven to reduce in alkali soluability
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Type 3
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Conventional soda lime glass
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The Ideal Package
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-pure
-sustainable -impermeable -chemically inert -retortable -tactile free |
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Batch House
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-raw material storage
-weighs material -mixes material into batches -sends to furnace |
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Furnace
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-melts raw material at 2800 F
-capacity=350 tons -Depth=60" -Life= 10-14 years -Rebuild cost= $8-10 mm -Gas cost=$120,000/ month |
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Forehearth
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-channels glass from refiner to bottle machine
-allows glass to cool to 2100 F -Gravity flow -Able to handle anywhere from 1-220 tons of glass per day depending on design |
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Feeder
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-tube rotation mixes glass for consistent temperature
-glass flow controlled by height of plunger & tube -pumping action of plunger aids shearing |
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Shearing & Delivery
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-Shears cut glass into gobs
-distributor sends gobs down chutes -chutes deliver gobs into blank mold |
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Forming Machine
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-6 to 12 sections per machine
-1 to 4 cavities/ sections -speed range 30-750 BPM -3 machine processes |
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Annealing Lehr
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-removes stress from bottle
-reheats bottle to 1100 F and slowly cools to 250 F |
