Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the origin and insertion ofthe APB?
|
origin palmar retinaculum, scaphoid tubercle
insertion- lateral proximal phalanx of thumb |
|
|
How deep should one go when EMG APB and what happens if goes too deeply?
|
1/4-1/2 inch and too deep in opponens pollicis
If too medial would be in flexor polliis brevis which has both median and ulnar innervation |
|
|
What is the trunk, cord, and roots of APB?
|
lower trunk, medial cord, C8, T1 roots
|
|
|
What is the origin and insertion of the opponens pollicis?
|
tubercle of trapezium and flexor retinaculum to insertion of lateral half of the palmar surface of first metacarpal
|
|
|
How deep should one go into the Opponens and what happens if goes too deep or too medial?
|
Too deep adductor pollicis (ulnar)
too medial APB |
|
|
What is the trunk, cord and roots of opponens pollicis?
|
lower trunk, medial cord and C8, T1
|
|
|
What is the insertion and origin of the flexor pollicis brevis?
|
ridge of trapezium & flexor retinaculum- deep head
ulnar side of first metacarpal- deep head insertion into radial and ulnar side of base of prox phalanx of thumb |
|
|
What is the root, cord, and trunk of flexor pollicis brevis?
|
C8, T1 roots, medial cord, lower trunk
|
|
|
What are the landmarks used for insertion of flexor carpi radialis?
|
with hand supinated, midline between the medial epicondyle and biceps tendon, four fingerbreadths distal to that point
|
|
|
What is the root, trunk, and cords of FCR?
|
C6-7 roots, upper-middle trunk and lateral cord
|
|
|
What muscle are you activating if you move 2 fingerreadths below the midpoint between the biceps tendon and medial epicondyle?
|
pronator teres
|
|
|
What is the root, trunk, and cord of pronator teres?
|
upper-middle trunk, C6-7 roots and lateral cord
|
|
|
What is the cord, trunk and roots involved with 1st DI?
|
medial cord, lower trunk, C8-T1
|
|
|
What is the insertion point of Extensor indicis proprius?
|
2 fingerbreadths proximal to the ulnar styloid
|
|
|
What is the nerve, cord, and trunks, and roots assoc with EIP?
|
posterior interosseous nerve, posteroir cord, middle-lower trunks C7 < C8
|
|
|
What is the insertion point of ECU?
|
pronate forearm, insert needle just rostral to the midpoint of the ulna
|
|
|
What is the innervation of ECU?
|
posterior interosseous nerve, posterior cord, middle-lower trunks, C7 < C8
|
|
|
What is the insertion point of EDC?
|
3 fingerbreadths distal to the olecranon and 3 fingerbreadths above the ulna
|
|
|
What is the innervation of EDC?
|
posterior interosseous nerve, posterior cord, middle-lower trunks, C7-8
|
|
|
What is the only forearm extensor spared i a posterior interosseous nerve palsy?
|
long head of the ECR
|
|
|
What is the insertion point of the ECR?
|
the lateral epicondyle just above it
|
|
|
what is the nerve, root, trunk, cords inolved in ECR?
|
radial nerve, C6-7, posterior cord, upper-middle trunk
|
|
|
What is the nerve, root, trunk, cords involved in brachioradialis?
|
radial nerve, posterior cord, upper trunk, C5-6
|
|
|
What is the insertion point of brachioradialis?
|
just distal to the midpoint between the biceps tendon and lateral epicondyle
|
|
|
What is the insertion point of triceps brachii?
|
pronate arm, flex elbow and inserti midpoint between lateral epicondle and shoulder
|
|
|
What is the nerve, cord, trunk, roots of triceps brachii?
|
radial nerve, posterior cord, upper-middle-lower trunks C6<C7>c8
|
|
|
What is the nerve, cord, trunk, root involved in biceps braqchii?
|
musculocutaneous nerve, lateral cord, upper trunk, C5-6
|
|
|
What is the nerve cord, trunk involved in deltoid medial head?
|
axillary nerve, posterior cord, upper trunk, C5-6
|
|
|
What is the insertion point of triceps brachii?
|
pronate arm, flex elbow and inserti midpoint between lateral epicondle and shoulder
|
|
|
What is the nerve, cord, trunk, roots of triceps brachii?
|
radial nerve, posterior cord, upper-middle-lower trunks C6<C7>c8
|
|
|
What is the nerve, cord, trunk, root involved in biceps braqchii?
|
musculocutaneous nerve, lateral cord, upper trunk, C5-6
|
|
|
What is the nerve cord, trunk involved in deltoid medial head?
|
axillary nerve, posterior cord, upper trunk, C5-6
|
|
|
What is the difference in grading of fibrillation potentials?
|
1+ persistent in at least 2 areas
2+ moderate # of potentials in 3 or more areas 3+ many potentials in all areas 4+ full interference pattern of potentials |
|
|
What is the site of insertion of tibialis anterior?
|
just lateral to the tibial crest, 2/3 up from the ankle
|
|
|
What is the insertion site of the gastrocnemius muscle?
|
rostral medial gastrocnemius
|
|
|
What is the innervation of gastrocnemius?
|
tibial nerve-> sciatic nerve, sacral plexus, S1 & S2
|
|
|
What is the insertion site of vastus lateralis?
|
four-5 fingerbreadths above the lateral knee
|
|
|
What is the innervation of vastus lateralis?
|
L2-4, lumbar plexus, femoral nerve
|
|
|
What is the insertion site of the biceps femoris short head?
|
4-5 fingerbreadths above the lateral knee, medial to the biceps femoris
|
|
|
What is the innervation of the short head of the biceps femoris
|
peroneal nerve-sciatic-lumbosacral plexus- L5-S1
|
|
|
What is the insertion point of Gluteus medius?
|
lie the patient on the side to be studied, feel the iliac crest and insert 3 fingerbreadths below iliac crest
|
|
|
What is the innervation of gluteus medius?
|
superior gluteal nerve, L4-S1, lumbosacral plexus
|
|
|
What are the roots for latissimus dorsi?
|
C6-7-8
|
|
|
What are the roots for rhomboids?
|
C5
|
|
|
What 8 radial muscles are innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve?
|
1) Supinator
2) EDC 3) EDM 4) ECU 5) APL 6) EPL 7) EPB 8) EIP |
|
|
What is the only muscle innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve that is not part of the C7-8 myotomes?
|
Supinator which is C5-6
|
|
|
What is the only muscle innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve that are not just C8-T1 myotomes?
|
Flexor digitorum profundus I,II (shared with ulnar)
(C7<C8=T1) |
|
|
What nerves innervate flexor pollicis brevis?
|
median (i,ii) & ulnar (iii,iv)
|
|
|
What trunk innervates FCR ?
|
upper & middle
|
|
|
What are the roots for brachioradialis?
|
C5-6
|
|
|
What is meant by low signal to noise ratio?
|
in sensory potentials this is considered low because the signal (i.e. waveform is low amplitude) in ratio compared to background noise
|
|
|
What is the function of a filter in ncs?
|
limits and selects desired signals from amplifier, filter unwanted noise and help in resolving a wacform; filter can alter length and amplitude of waveforms
|
|
|
How does a differential amplifer work?
|
removes noise by cancelling activity common to both electrodes (+ wave in one vs. negative wave in another)
|
|
|
What differences can occur in an action potential if the limb is too cool?
|
1) larger amplitude
2) longer duration potential 3) longer distal latency 4) slowing of conduction velocity by 1.5 to 2.5 m/sec |
|
|
At what age do children's EMG begin to appear like adults?
|
3-5 years old
|
|
|
What is meant by cathode?
|
negatively charged, delivers current/voltage that depolarizes axon
|
|
|
What is meant by anode?
|
positively charged, hyperpolarizes the axons and blocks action potentials
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of stimulators?
|
either constant current (UTH)
or constant voltage (bcm) |
|
|
What are advantages and disadvantages of antidromic technique in measure SNAPs?
|
adv: higher amplitude potentials
disadv: muscle artifact, volume conduction from lumbricals |
|
|
How much difference can be attributed to temporal dispersion and phase cancellation proximally SNAP/CMAP?
|
20% in all nerves except tibial is 40%
|
|
|
What are the advantages of palmar orthodromic tenchinique?
|
more sensitive for determining focal slowing and prolongation of distal latency of median nerve because distance shorter and latency can be compared to ulnar distal latency @ same distance
|
|
|
What is the usual gain/sweep for motor ncs?
|
gain: 2-5 mv
sweep: |
|
|
What is the usual gain/sweep for sensory ncs?
|
gain: microvolts
sweep: |
|
|
What technical factor should be changed if the initial deflection is downward (positive wave)?
|
check the active electrode to make sure it is over the muscle belly, the initial deflection should be upward negative wave (if the active electrode is placed right over the muscle belly)
|
|
|
What 3 reasons could account for a higher amplitude with proximal stimulation or initial positive deflection
|
inadequate stim. distally
costimulation proximally anomalous innervation muscle atrophy? |
|
|
What is the absolute cutoff velocity to consider a lesion as demyelinating and an exception?
|
35 in upper ext
30 in lower ext (exception is regeneration of nerve fibers) |
|
|
What is the definition of temporal dispersion?
|
increase in CMAP area by more than 15%
|
|
|
Why is an F wave called an "F" wave?
|
originally was done off the foot
|
|
|
What are A waves and how would one distinguish them from F waves?
|
A waves are axonal reflex and can be distinguished from F waves because they are same morphology and distance each time
|
|
|
What does it mean if an F-wave is longer than the estimated range?
|
proximal conduction is slower than distal conduction
|
|
|
What does it mean if an F0wave is shorter than the estimated range?
|
distal conduction is slower than proximal conduction
|
|
|
What is the gain/sweep for F waves?
|
Gain is increased to 100 to 500 microvolts
|
|
|
What is an axon reflex?
|
not a true reflex because there is no synapse, impulse travels antidromically to a branch point in nerve then orthodromically along the second branch (usually doesn't happen in normal subjects) seen in peripheral neuropathy, polyradic, or plexopathy
|
|
|
What is a satellite potential?
|
late component of a dispersed CMAP, constant loc & config in contrast to F waves
|
|
|
What is the difference between increment & facilitation?
|
Increment is the difference in amplitude while facilitation is the comparison of the last stimulation amplitude to the first stimulaiton amplitude
|
|
|
What is pseudofacilitation?
|
In normal subjects you get small incrememtns in response immediately after exercise because of synchronized firing of units, but also decreased duration and minimal net change in area
|
|
|
What is the definition of increment or facilitation to fit LEMS?
|
100% increment or 200% facilitation
|
|
|
What trunk do radially innervated muscles branch off of?
|
upper trunk posterior division
|
|
|
What are the 8 peaks of BAEP?
|
NCSLIMA
I: vestibulocochlear nerve II: cochlear nuclei III: superior olive IV: lateral lemniscus V: inferior olive VI: MGN VII: Auditory cortex (thalamocortical) |
|
|
What is the localization of absent waveforms I-VIII?
|
does not help localize can occur in central or peripheral, but should not occur in braindeath because wave I should be present to ensure an adequate recording
|
|
|
What is the stimulus in BAEP
|
monaural click stimulation 60-70 db above click hearing threshold with contralateral masking noise
|
|
|
What is the intetrpretation of prollonged I-V latency?
|
not helpful just a central auditory pathway
|
|
|
What would be the interpretation of just prolonged interpeak latencies of waves I-III?
|
acoustic neuroma
|
|
|
What are the exceptions and to which privilege do they apply?
And additional Texas exception |
Communications or acts:
1) In furtherance of future crime or fraud (e.g. joint criminal activity); and 2) Destructive of the family unit (e.g. spousal or child abuse) are not covered by EITHER privilege. TX - In civil case, all types of disputes between spouses eg breach of contract and incompetency proceedings. |
|
|
What are the 3 peaks associated with VEP?
|
N75 - initial negative
P100-initial positive N145- second negative peak |
|
|
What is the meaning of prolonged P100 unilateral?
|
a lesions anterior to the chiasm
|
|
|
What if morphology or amplitude is decreased in P100?
|
suggestive of a tumor or compressive lesion anterior to the chiasm
|
|
|
What is the interpretation of bilateral P100 prolonged?
|
non-localizing
|
|
|
What is the stimulus for VEP?
|
checkerboard or flashes of light (flashes of light used for children or demented patients, not as reliable as checkerboard)
|
|
|
What are the 3 peaks in SSEP recorded from the upper ext?
|
N9-Erb's point
N13-cervical neck/cord N20-scalp |
|
|
What would be the SSEP in patient with cervical myelopathy?
|
absent N13 and prolonged N9-N20
|
|
|
What would be the SSEP in patient with braindeath recording from the upper extremity?
|
absent N20 and intact N13 (but this can also be seen in cerebral edema an drug intoxication)
|
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of an obturator neuropathy?
|
innervation of a medial branch of the thigh
weakness in thigh adduction, possibly gait circumduction due to pain/weakness |
|
|
What are 3 most common etiologies of obturator neuropathy?
|
1) trauma
2) GU/abdominal surgery 3) Forceps/vaginal delivery |
|
|
What is the course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?
|
over iliac crest, under inguinal ligament from L2-L3 rami
|
|
|
What are the usual etiologies for lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy?
|
Meraliga paresthetica,
truncal obesity i.e. pregnancy diabetes mellitus usually compressed under inguinal ligaments |
|
|
What are the clinical characteristics of a lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy?
|
pain poorly loc. (anterolat. thigh, lower back, buttocks, lateral knee)
paresthesias more localized worse with walking or standing |
|
|
What are the usual etiologies for injury to ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric or genitofemoral nerves?
|
retroperitoneal tumor
gu/abd surgery abcess |
|
|
What are the origins of the ilioinguinal nerve?
|
L1 mostly
|
|
|
What are the origins of the iliohypogastric nerve?
|
T12, L1, L2
|
|
|
What are the origins of the genitofemoral nerve?
|
T12, L1, L2
|
|
|
What is the innervation of the genitofemoral nerve?
|
proximal thigh, labia, scrotum, supplies the cremasteric reflex
|
|
|
What are the 3 most common etiologies of femoral neuropathy?
|
1) diabetes/inflammatory
2) iatrogenic GU/abd surgery 3) lithotomy positioning retroperitoneal hematoma can cause |
|
|
What is the course of femoral nerve?
|
arises from L2,3,4 and then innervates psoas & iliacus muscles then dives under inguinal ligament, innervates quadssartorius and then gives its 3 sensory branches
|
|
|
What are the 3 sensory branches of femoral nerve?
|
saphenous
medial & intermediate cutaneous nerve of thigh |
|
|
What is the innervation of adductor magnus?
|
shared by obturator nerve and tibial nerve
|
|
|
What is the origin of sural nerve?
|
tibial & common peroneal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the lateral portion of the foot
|
|
|
What is the supply of the superficial peroneal nerve ?
|
most of the dorsal surface of foot except lateral (sural) and web b/t 1st and 2nd toes (deep peroneal)
|
|
|
What are the 3 terminal sensory branches of the tibial nerve?
|
medial, lateral and calcaneal plantar nerves
|
|
|
What are the 4 most common etiologies of sciatic mononeuropathy?
|
1) Hip fracture
2) Perioperative 3) femur fracture 4) idiopathic (possibly inflammatory) |
|
|
Explain the findings seen in an accessory deep peroneal nerve.
|
Stimulating at the ankle, recording over EDB lower amplitude than stimulating at fibular head or popliteal fossa, then stimulate behind lateral malleolus will record an amplitude over EDB
|
|
|
What is the fibular tunnel?
|
formed by the tendinous portion of peroneus longus and fibula
|
|
|
What is the supply of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of thigh ?
|
L2-3
|
|
|
What is the origin of the pudendal nerve?
|
S2-3-4
|
|
|
What is the origin of the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?
|
S1-2-3
|
|
|
What is the ligament of struthers?
|
tendinous band between humerus and medial epicondyle which in some people the median nerve will travel under
|
|
|
What is lacertus fibrosus?
|
a fibrous band that runs from biceps tendons to forearm flexors which the median nerve travels under in the forearm
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of pronator syndrome?
|
Pronator syndrome occurs when the median nerve is compressed by the lacertus fibrosus leading to distal median muscle weakness, hypesthesia and worse with pronation
|
|
|
What are characteristics of median neuropathy at ligament of struther?
|
decreased distal radial pulse, median innervated hypesthesia upon supination and elbow extension
|
|
|
When is the usual presentation of radiation induced plexopathy?
|
5 years agter radiotherapy
|
|
|
What is different about the pattern of affect seen in plexopathy due to neoplasm vs. radiation?
|
Distal in radiation inducd plexopathy, proximal in neoplastic
|
|
|
What are the usual traumatic causes of lumbosacral plexopathy?
|
pelvic ring fracture, fracture-dislocation of hip joint-acetabulum
|
|
|
What are hte etiology assoc. with lumbosacral plexopathy?
|
neoplastic (severe pain)
retroperitoneal hemorrhage pregnancy (baby pusshes on lumbar plaxus, good prognosis) radiation-induced trauma immune-mediated diabetic |
|
|
What is the cause of neurogenic throacic outlet syndrome?
|
a bony defect rudimentary cervical rib arising from C7 vertebra or elongated C7 transverse process causing lower brachial plexus symptoms
|
|
|
What is the prognosis for Parsonage-Turner's syndrome?
|
89% good in 3 years, resolution of pain in several weeks, recovery of weakness and atrophy depend on exten involvement (upper trunk lesions) get better quicker
|
|
|
What are the clinical symptoms associated with Parsonage turn?
|
male > female
monophasic, unilateral, abrupt onset, severe pain, weakness/atrophy nerves outside of brachial plexus get involved (phrenic, long throacic, spinal accessory nerve) |
|
|
What part of the plexus does radiation induced injury usually produce?
|
upper brachial plexus
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of radiation plexopathy-bracchail?
|
>6 months after radiotherapy, rapidly progresive pain, reversible sensory symptoms
|
|
|
What is the usual distribution of Pancoast's tumor causing brachial plexopathy?
|
lower brachial plexus
|
|
|
What is Pack palsy?
|
weakness and paresthesias involving upper plexus, compression by backpack straps
|
|
|
What is Burner syndrome?
|
traumatic plexopathy caused by sudden forceful depression of shoulder & head, due to contacct sports
|
|
|
What is the primary differential for sensory nuronopathy?
|
1) Paraneoplastic anti-Hu
2)Inflammatory non-malignant (sjogren's) 3) Toxic- pyridoxine, paclixatiel, cisplatin 4) Idiopathic |
|
|
What is the differential diagnosis for polyradiculopathy?
|
Infectious-
viral- CMV, EBV, VZV, HSV, HIV bact- borrelia, mycobacteria, diphtheria, listeria, syphillis, chlamydia pneumonia, brucella Trauma Autoimmune- AIDP, CIDP Metabolic-Diabetes Inflammatory-Sarcoid Neoplasm- paraganglioglioma, meningioma, schwannome, neurofibroma, ependymoma, primary neuroectodermal tumors (PMS Not Enjoyable Period) Mets, |
|
|
What is spondylosis?
|
arthropathy of facetjoints and disks
|
|
|
What is spondylolysis?
|
separation of facet joints by a fibrous cleft
|
|
|
How could you distinguish between middle trunk plexopathy and C7 radiculopathy?
|
sensory abnormalities in the middle finger
|
|
|
How can one distinguish between lower trunk and medial cord plexopathy?
|
sparing of radial innervated muscles suggests medial cord rather than lower trunk
|
|
|
How can one distinguish between lateral cord plexopathy and upper trunk?
|
The lateral cord plexopathy will spare the deltoid and supraspinatus
|
|
|
What is the normal low frequency and high frequency filter set at for motor studies?
|
LF filter at 10 HZ
HF filter at 10kHZ |
|
|
What is the normal low and high freq filter set at for sensory studies?
|
LF filter at 2 HZ
HF filter at 2 KHZ |
|
|
What does it mean to have a high frequency filter at 2 KHZ?
|
It means that any frequencies higher than 2 KHZ will be "filtered"
|
|
|
Explain common mode rejection and what it means to EMG.
|
The active and reference electrode need to have "impedance match" to allow "common mode rejection". When you have 2 electrodes the 60 HZ noise should be rejected as it is equally present in both electrodes. (This is why it is important to clean the skin, firmly apply the electrode and to have a 3-4 centimeter distance -longer causes impedance mismatch.
|
|
|
What is Ohm's law?
|
Voltage=E
I=current R= resistance or (impedance) E=IR |
|
|
What happens to a signal as the low frequency filter is reduced?
|
the signal will increase in duration
|
|
|
What happens to the signal as a high freuqncy filter is lowered?
|
the amplitude of the potential will decrease.
|
|
|
How can stimulus artifact be fixed?
|
Rotate the anode and leave the cathode in place. See preston & Shapiro page 94
|
|
|
What is the most common MGA?
|
crossing of median to ulnar fibers supplying the FDI
|
|
|
When should you consider MGA on routine ulnar studies?
|
the distal wrist stimulation amplitude is greater than the below elbow site, 3 other possibilities 1) supramax stim at wrist 2) submax stimulat at AF 3) conduction block 4) MGA
|
|
|
When should you consider MGA on routine median motor studies?
|
The distal wrist stimulation is smaller than the AF stimulation. (Stimulate ulnar at wrist with a CMAP with a positibe deflection, stimulate ulnar below elbow with a smaller CMAP, normally this should be the same)
|
|
|
What is one reason to be careful not to stimulate the below elbow site too distally?
|
If it is too distal, a MGA may be missed
|
|
|
Where do you place G1 and G2 for a phrenic motor study?
|
G1 placed 2 fingerbreadths above xiphoid process adn G2 placed 16 cm away from G1 over anterior costal margin
|
|
|
Where are G1 and G2 placed for a superficial peroneal SNAP?
|
G1 placed between tibialis anterior tendon and lateral malleolus and G2 3-4 cm away
|
|
|
What is the stimulation site for superficial peroneal SNAP?
|
lateral calf, anterior to the fibula was ok
|
|
|
Where does one place the electrodes for medial and lateral plantar studies?
|
bar electrode is placed behind lateral malleolus, stimulater is placed first at the medial sole (arch of foot) and then lateral sole of foot
|
|
|
Where is the stimulator placed for medial plantar sensory studies?
|
7 cm to sole of foot then 7 cm to the space between the first and 2nd digits
|
|
|
Where is the stimulator placed for lateral plantar sensory studies?
|
7 cm to sole of foot, then 7 cm to space between 4th and 5th digits
|
|
|
What are the roots for peroneus longus?
|
L5-S1 (no L4!)
|
|
|
What are the roots for toe flexion?
|
L5-S1-S2 (Muscles involved are abductor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis brevis)
|
|
|
What are the roots for abductor hallucis brevis?
|
S1-S2
|
|
|
What are the roots for flexor digitorum longus?
|
L5-S1
|
|
|
What are hte roots for FHB?
|
S1-S2
|
|
|
What is flexor hallucis brevis insertion site?
|
Medial sole just below the ball of the feet
|
|
|
What is abductor hallucis brevis insertion site?
|
Feel the navicular bone and go just underneath that
|
|
|
What is Flexor digitorum longus insertion site?
|
Go medial to the Tibia distal to the midpoint of the ankle and the knee, needle tangential, should be superficial to tibialis posterior
|
|
|
What is the insertion site for tibialis posterior?
|
Go medial to the Tibia distal to the midpoint of the ankle and the knee, needle tangential, should be deep to FDL
|
|
|
What is the insertion site for peroneus longus?
|
Feel the fibular head and go 3-4 fingerbreadths distal to it
|
|
|
What is the insertion site for extensor hallucis longus?
|
Go 4 fingerbreadths proximal to the ankle, lateral to the tibialis anterior tendon
|
|
|
What is the insertion site for EDL?
|
Midpoint between proximal 3rd and middle 3rd of the tibia, go lateral to the tibia out 4 fingerspaces between TA and peroneus
|
|
|
What happens to RNS during cold temperature?
|
Cold temperature decreases the sensitivity of the test. You are less likely to see a decrement. This is thought to be because of decreased acetylcholinesterase action leading to more acetylcholine in the NMJ.
|
|
|
What happens to amplitude of CMAP, SNAP with cold temperature and why?
|
cold temperature delays the Na inactivation channels which leads to prolonged depolarization and higher amplitude, longer duration potentials
|
|
|
What happens to conduction velocity and distal latency during cold temperature?
|
time delay of depolarization
|
|
|
What are the roots of the iliohypogastric nerve?
|
L1
|
|
|
What are the roots of the ilioinguinal nerve?
|
L1
|
|
|
What is the muscular innervation of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves?
|
transeverse and internal obliques
|
|
|
What is the sensory innervation of the iliohypogastric nerve?
|
lower anterior abdomen
|
|
|
What is the sensory innervation of the ilioinguinal nerve?
|
inguinal ligament, rostral medial thigh
|
|
|
What are the roots of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?
|
L2-3
|
|
|
What is the muscular innervation of genitofemoral nerve?
|
cremaster muscle
|
|
|
What is the sensory innervation of the genitofemoral nerve?
|
femoral triangle, lower scrotum
|
|
|
What are the roots for the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?
|
S1-S2-S3, predominantly S2
|
|
|
What are the roots for the inferior gluteal nerve?
|
L5-S1-S2
|
|
|
What is the muscular innervation for the inferior gluteal nerve?
|
only gluteus maximus, no sensory
|
|
|
What are the muscular innervation for superior gluteal nerve (3)?
|
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus tensor fascia latae, no sensory |
|
|
What are the roots for the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?
|
S1-S2-S3, predominantly S2
|
|
|
What are the roots for the inferior gluteal nerve?
|
L5-S1-S2
|
|
|
What is the muscular innervation for the inferior gluteal nerve?
|
only gluteus maximus, no sensory
|
|
|
What are the muscular innervation for superior gluteal nerve (3)?
|
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus tensor fascia latae, no sensory |
|
|
What are the roots for the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?
|
S1-S2-S3, predominantly S2
|
|
|
What are the roots for the inferior gluteal nerve?
|
L5-S1-S2
|
|
|
What is the muscular innervation for the inferior gluteal nerve?
|
only gluteus maximus, no sensory
|
|
|
What are the muscular innervation for superior gluteal nerve (3)?
|
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus tensor fascia latae, no sensory |
|
|
Where is the stimulation site for the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?
|
Feel the anterior superior iliac spine and mark 12 cm down to the lateral thigh
|
