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39 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Symptoms:
• Incubation Period: 1-2 days
• Fatigue/depression
• Muscular aches and pains over whole body
• General weakness

Pathogenesis:
• Incubation period: 1-2 days
• Hemagluttinin protein helps the virus break into the cells, while the neuraminidase protein enables it to get out again
Influenza (Orthomyxoviridae)
Symptoms:
• Tenderness
• Hot, red swellings at site of infection

Pathogenesis:
• extremely common in the open environment and lives in the noses and skin of most people without causing any problems, but occasionally gets out of control and gets infected
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Symptoms:
• Incubation period 10-21 days
• Fever
• Red, itchy rash over whole body
• Blisters and scabs over whole body

Pathogenesis:
• Highly contagious
Chicken Pox (Varicella Zoster)
Symptoms:
• Fever
• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Itchy spot developing into an ulcer, at site of infection

Pathogenesis:
• Survives in soil and is easily picked up by grazing animals, then passed on to humans who work with them or eat their meat
• Can jump to humans through a cut in the skin or through the lungs as we breathe
Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis)
Symptoms:
• Headache drowsiness
• Sensitivity to bright lights
• Vomiting
• Stiff neck
• Rash over whole body

Pathogenesis:
• Most common: Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib), Group B Streptococcal bacteria, Escherichia coli, Listeria, and can tuberculosis
Bacterial Meningitis
Symptoms:
• Insensitivity to pain
• Loss of digits and limbs

Pathogenesis:
• Unconfirmed method of transmission
Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae)
Symptoms:
• Incubation period 7 and 17 days
• Fever, headache
• Initial spots in the mouth
• Spots over the whole body, developing into sores

Pathogenesis:
• Can be coughed into the air or swallowed
• Either through airborne droplets or feces
Smallpox (Variola) (Orthopoxvirus)
Symptoms:
• Headache, fever
• Bleeding from eyes
• Coughing and vomiting blood
• General weakness
• Sore throat
• Organ failure
• General muscle pain
• Bloody diarrhea
• Nausea
• Red spots and bleeding under skin
• Joint pain

Pathogenesis:
• Transmitted through infected blood and other bodily fluids
Ebola (Filoviridae)
Symptoms:
• Fever, dizziness and confusion
• Vomiting
• Rash all over body
• Sore throat
• Destruction of organs, Organ failure
• Diarrhea

Pathogenesis:
• Protein sticking that binds to cell walls
• When the protein grabs a host cell, it triggers a process that causes the cell to draw it inside
• Produce one or more pyrogenic (heat-producing) toxins that induce fever and shock
Group A Streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes)
Symptoms:
• Fever
• Gut pain, possible dilated or torn bowel
• Diarrhea

Pathogenesis:
• Antibiotics killing off normal intestinal bacteria, allowing bacteria to thrive
Clostridium Difficile
Symptoms:
• Bad breath
• Nausea
• Flatulence
• Stomach pain/Stomach ulcers

Pathogenesis:
• found in almost all patients with gastric inflammation, duodenal ulcers, or gastric ulcers
Helicobacter Pylori
Symptoms:
• Nausea
• Loss of appetite
• General weakness
• Inflammation of the liver
• Possible liver cancer

Pathogenesis:
• Contaminated blood and other bodily fluids
Hepatitis C (Flaviviridae)
Symptoms:
• Gut damage
• Diarrhea

Pathogenesis:
• Virus leaves the body through the feces, and poor hygiene enables it to move rapidly to other friends and family
Rotavirus (Group A rotavirus)
Symptoms:
• Incubation period 2 – 10 days
• Fever, extremely high temperature
• Cough, sore throat
• General lethargy
• Collapsed lungs, breathing difficulties
• Reduced white blood cell count

Pathogenesis:
• Unconfirmed mode of transmission
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) (SARS-associated coronavirus) (Viverridae)
Symptoms:
• Face turns blue
• Fluids from eyes and nose
• Severe cough, coughing up phlegm
• Possible collapsed lung

Pathogenesis:
• Bacteria binds to the outer layer of cells in the lungs and release a toxin that paralyzes the microscopic hair-like brushes that normally sweep the lungs
• There is no way of clearing the mucus that the lungs constantly produces and bacteria less likely to be thrown out
Whooping Cough (Bordetella sp.)
Symptoms:
• Headache, fever, chills
• Blocked or runny nose, sneezing
• Sore throat, cough

Pathogenesis:
• Of the people who become infected, 75% develop symptoms
• 25% have the virus growing in their nose, but have no symptoms
Rhinovirus (Common Cold) (Picornavirus)
Symptoms:
• Headache, delirium
• General muscle pain
• Paralysis
• Breathlessness
• Heart Palpatations

Pathogenesis:
• Unknown
• It is strongly suggested that the disease was moving person to person as an airborne infection
• Because of the pace of its attack and the nature of the symptoms, it was probably viral in nature
English Sweating Sickness
Symptoms:
• Fever, tiredness
• Runny eyes, swollen eyelids, sensitivity to light
• Possible pneumonia and bronchitis
• Bright red, itchy rash all over body

Pathogenesis:
• Spread through fluids from an infected person’s nose and mouth, either directly or through droplets in the air
Measles (Morbillivirus)
Symptoms:
• Fever, fatigue
• Possible facial scarring
• Coughing
• Deterioration of lungs
• Chest pain
• Appetite loss/Weight loss
• Possible gut, bladder, and kidney problems
• General muscle wastage

Pathogenesis:
• Colonies grow inside the lung, creating zones of dead and damaged tissues
• Materials released from the bacteria trigger fevers and muscle wastage
• As the region expand, they break into the airpipes and flood into the mucus
• Each cough sends millions of bacteria into the air
Tuberculosis (TB) (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex)
Symptoms:
• Incubation period 2 – 10 days
• Confusion, hallucinations
• Possible fits and fever
• Breathing difficulties

Pathogenesis:
• Need to get into water droplets before moving into humans
• Hot tubs and Jacuzzis are high risk
Legionnaires’ Disease (Legionnella pneumophila)
Symptoms:
• Fever
• Nausea
• Damage to fallopian tubes
• Lower back pain
• Bleeding between menstrual periods
• Pain during intercourse
• Possible abnormal discharge and pain when urinating

Pathogenesis:
• Transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex
• Passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth
Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)
Symptoms:
• Weakened immune system, leading to infection with other diseases, especially TB

Pathogenesis:
• Transmitted through blood and semen
• Attacks the immune system
HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) (Retroviridae)
Symptoms:
• Cold sores
• Genital ulcers

Pathogenesis:
• Two types
• Initial infection creates a “vesicle,” which is an inflating breakdown of skin cells
• The cells in the base of the vesicle become infected with viruses and multiplies within
• The roof of the vesicle degenerates, revealing an ulcer that heals (cold sores)
Herpes (Herpes Simplex Virus) (Herpesviridae)
Symptoms:
• Insanity (tertiary)
• Mouth ulcers (primary)
• Genital ulcers (secondary)
• Ulcers all over body (secondary)

Pathogenesis:
• Usually through sexual activity with other infected individuals
• Mother to the fetus of her womb, or during delivery
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Symptoms:
• Fever
• Arthritis
• Joint pains
• Pain on passing urine, discharge from the penis

Pathogenesis:
• Unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse with infected partner
Gonorrhea (Nesseria gonorrhea)
Three Classifications of Antibiotics:
1. Natural
2. Semi-synthetic
3. Synthetic
Two groups of Antibiotics:
1. bactericidal agents (kill bacteria)
2. bacteriostatic agents (impair bacterial growth)
Etiology of Malaria Outbreak for Marines in 2003:
1. Failure of personal protective measures
2. Failure of compliance with mefloquine
3. P. falciparum with decreased susceptibility to mefloquine
4. Formulation of mefloquine
Examples of Anthropogenic:
1. Deforestation and Incursion
2. Urbanization
3. Transportation of Pathogens and Vectors
4. Climate Change
-Restriction of movement/seperation of sick infected person(s) with contagious disease
-Usually in a hospital setting, but can also be at home or in a dedicated isolation facility
Isolation
-Restriction of movement/separation of well person(s) presumed exposed to a contagious disease
-usually at home, but can also be in a dedicated quarantine facility
-individual(s) or community population/population level
Quarantine
-Glycoprotein in influenza
-Viral attachment protein
-Binds to sialic acid residues on cells
-Serotype determinant
-15 different molecules
Hemagglutinin
-Serve as sources of vector infection
-Develop high titer viremia of "long" duration
-Are available to the vector
-Do not become ill
Amplifying Hosts
Symptoms:
• fever, headache, muscle/joint/eye pain, nausea, rash, encephalopathy, seizures, coma, paresis
• skin hemorrhages, leaky capillaries, low platelets, bleeding
• circulatory failure

Pathogenesis:
• Transmitted to human in mosquito saliva
• Virus replicates in target organ
• Virus infects white blood cells and lymphatic tissues
• Virus released and circulates in blood
Dengue (Flaviviridae)
Symptoms:
• Febrile, influenza-like illness with abrupt onset
• Moderate to high fever, headache, sore throat, backache, myalgia, arthralgia, fatigue
• Rash, lymphadenopathy
• Acute aseptic meningitis or encephalitis

Pathogenesis:
• Transmitted to human in mosquito saliva
Mosquito Borne Encephalitis (SLE, WN)
Symptoms:
• Debilitating fever, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, rash
• Joint pain

Pathogenesis:
• Circulates between mosquitoes and monkeys
Chikungunya (Alphaviridae)
Symptoms:
• Paroxysm: relapsing or periodic fever
• Pattern of intermittent chills/fever

Pathogenesis:
• Mosquito transmission
• Cytoadherence clogs capillaries in major organs
Malaria (plasmodium spp.)
Symptoms:
• Jaundice, dark urine, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
• Symptoms usually last a couple weeks
• Can take several months to a year to recover
• Known as a “silent disease” as it is often asymptomatic

Pathogenesis:
• Transmitted through blood and bodily fluids
• Also vertical transmission
Hepatitis B (Hepadnaviridae)
Symptoms:
• 90% of cases, infection clears within 2 years
• Those that don’t clear may experience:
o Genital warts
o Warts in your throat
o Cervical cancer
o Other cancers (vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and orpharynx)

Pathogenesis:
• Most common sexually transmitted infections
• Transmitted through genital contact, vertical transmission is rare
Human Papillomavirus (Papillomaviridae)