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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is veterinary public health? |
The contribution of veterinary science to human well-being |
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What is one health? What is its aim? |
Recognising that human, animal and ecosystem health are inextricably linked To promote, improve and defend the health and well-being of all species by enhancing cooperation and collaboration between professionals across various fields |
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What are zoonotic diseases? |
Diseases of humans in which the infectious agent is acquired from animals and for which animals are the reservoir of infection |
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What is an emerging infectious disease? |
Has appeared in a population for the first time May have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range |
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Five reasons why diseases are emerging (and spreading) |
1. Ecological changes/disruption (climate change) 2. Introduction of animals/people to new areas 3. Increasing global movement 4. Cultural changes and changes to agricultural practices 5. Enhanced disease surveillance and detection |
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1. Ecological changes/disruption Mechanism |
Climate change can induce changes in precipitation, extreme weather events, and seasonal shifts |
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1. Ecological changes/disruption Example |
Emergence of bluetongue virus in Europe Changes in vector distribution and thus BTV as temperatures increased |
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2. Introduction of animals/people to new areas Factors that drive this |
Climate change and environmental factors Agriculture/urbanisation of natural ecosystems Displacement of people and animals |
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2. Introduction of animals/people to new areas Mechanism |
Brings domestic animals and people into contact with wildlife and novel infectious agents |
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2. Introduction of animals/people to new areas Example |
Viruses emerging from fruit bats: |
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Why specifically bats? |
Unique immunological features: - more persistent viral infections - more susceptible to reinfection Behaviour characteristics that favour transmission: - live in large populations - migrate large distances - live in close proximity to human populations |
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3. Increasing global movement Mechanism |
Scale and speed of movement has increased dramatically Incubation period of many infectious diseases longer than the time it takes to travel Increased rate of migration |
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3. Increasing global movement Example |
Emergence of H1N1 in 2009 (Swine flu) - Emerged in Mexico - Rapid global spread despite control efforts |
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4. Cultural changes and changes to agricultural practices Mechanism |
Increased production of meat and other animal food products driven by increased demand Intensification of animal production systems Use of in-feed antibiotics |
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5. Enhanced disease surveillance and detection Example |
PCR based detection
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Role of clinical veterinarians in emerging infectious diseases |
Protect themselves, their staff and clients Disease detection - recognise and report Disease surveillance in animals Outbreak investigation and control Work with human health professionals and other scientists in controlling any animal reservoirs of human infections |
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Role of other veterinarians in emerging infectious diseases (eg. government, university etc.) |
Laboratory diagnosis and detection of disease agents Coordinate animal surveillance and disease control measures Liaise with media, politicians, industry and other stake holders Research Policy development |
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Impacts of EID |
Animal health and welfare (illnesses/deaths/culling) Human health (illnesses/death) Economic impacts (Direct: loss of animals, production; Indirect: associated industries, tourism) Social impacts (loss of livelihoods, movement restrictions) Trade restrictions (animals and animal products) Environmental (carcass disposal, use of chemicals, PPE) Political (communication) |
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FMD outbreak in UK |
Feb 2001 - Sept 2001 Disease free Jan 2002 Introduced from infected/contaminated meat fed to pigs as swill 2000 cases of disease 10 million animals culled for control and welfare Control efforts focused on movement restrictions, culling and burning all animals near an infected farm No use of vaccines |
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FMD outbreak in UK Economic impacts |
Agriculture and food industry
- ban on British exports of animals + products - culling - production losses, disease eradication costs, trade disruption - agricultural producers and industry Tourism - changed plans, delayed/cancelled trips - accommodation, catering, attractions, transport |
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FMD outbreak in UK Human health |
Not zoonotic Significant psychosocial effects - Distress, bereavement, fear, loss of trust in authorities |
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FMD outbreak in UK Animal health and welfare |
Control measures - mass culling for disease control and welfare concerns - in field mass culling done improperly |
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FMD outbreak in UK Political impacts |
Loss of public confidence in government Conduct and policies of MAFF heavily criticised |
