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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bites
How many poisonous snakes are in N. America? What are the names of these poisonous snakes? |
1) Two
2) Crotalidae and Elapidae |
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Snakes
What do Crotalidae (pit viper) snakes look like? |
--Depression between each eye and nostril that serves as a heat sensitive organ for locating warm-blooded prey --North pit-vipers- triangle shaped head, 2 retractable curved fangs
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Snakes
What are some common traits of Elapidae snakes? |
* All are venomous, some highly venomous
* Have hollow, fixed fangs used to inject venom * Most have long, slender bodies with smooth scales * Most Elapidae are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs * Most are active hunters (as opposed to ambush predators) |
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Snake Bites
Examples of Elapidae snakes? Examples of Crotalidae snakes? |
1) Coral, Sea Snakes
2) Rattlesnakes, copperheads, and water moccasins. |
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Snake Bites
Describe coral snakes? Describe north pit vipers? |
1) non-aggressive with neurotoxic venom, short fixed fangs.
2) triangle shaped head, 2 retractable curved fangs |
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Snake Bites
Describe the pathophysiology of a snake bite? What do venomous bites cause? What does these lead to? |
1) The primary function of venous if to immobilize, kill, aid in digestion of prey.
2) Causes local and systemic toxic effects because the enzymes breakdown human tissue protein. 3) -- Alters the membrane integrity -- Impairs blood clotting -- Tissue necrosis -- Massive tissue swelling -- Intravascular fluid shifts -- Hypovolemic shock -- Pulmonary edema -- Renal failure |
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Snake bites
Local S/S Systemic S/S |
1) Puncture wounds, severe pain, swelling, redness, ecchymosis
2) Minty, rubbery metallic taste in mouth, tingling and paresthesis of the scalp, face and lips, muscle fasciculation (muscle twitching), weakness, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, seizures, coagulopathy or DIC |
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Snake bites
What are the manifestations based on? |
Type and amount of venom injected.
The bite location, age, size and health status of the victim. |
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Snake Bites
What are NON-MEDICAL interventions for snake bites? What are MEDICAL interventions for snake bites? |
1) -- Move person away from snake.
-- Rest to decrease circulation of the venom. -- Keep extremity below level of the heart. -- No alcohol or stimulants. -- Apply bandage proximal to the site- if treatment is delayed. 2) -- Supplemental O2. -- 2 large bore IV’s, NSS or LR. -- Cardiac monitoring -- Tetanus -- Antibiotics -- Antivenom [norm. effective within 4 hours (CroFab)] -- Serum sickness can occur from antivenom- comes from horse serum |
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Snake Bites
What lab studies would be done? |
Coagulation, CBC, creatinine, kinases, type and cross, UA and EKG
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Snake Bites
Coral Snakes: Found where? Fangs are? Venom? What does the snake look like? |
1) S.E. USA (TX and AZ)
2) Small and fixed 3) Post synatapic neurotoxin and myotoxin 4) Bands of black, red, and yellow that completely encircles the body. |
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Snake Bites
Coral Snakes Describe the path. of their venom? When does this happen? Early s/s? |
1) Venom blocks the binding of acetylcholine at the postsynaptic junction
2) 12-13 hours post-bite 3) n/v, headache, pallor and abdominal pain 4) paresthesias, numbness, mental status changes, cranial nerve and peripheral nerve deficits |
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Snake bites
How should a coral snakebite be medically managed? |
-- Compression dressing that doesn't restrict blood flow.
-- Continuous cardiac monitoring -- Vital signs -- Antivenom -- Any past reaction to venom? |
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Brown Recluse Spider
What are their bites famous for? Why are they brown? |
1) Causing ulcerative lesions
2) Hide on dark, secluded boxes, closets, basements, sheds, garages, luggage, shoes, clothing and sheets. |
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Brown Recluse Spider
What type of effects does it have on the tissue? What would the site look like at 1st? Days 1-3? |
1) Cytotoxic effects= painless or sharp pain
2) bleb or vesicle surrounded by edema and erythemia 3) Toxins spread to become a necrotic, eschar. |
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Brown Recluse Spider
Medical interventions? S/S? Could lead to? |
1) Surgerical interventions
2) n/v, fever, chills, malaise, joint pain, and petechiae. 3) Hemolytic reactions, renal failure and death. |
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Brown Recluse Spider
Interventions for these bites? What should be done during 1st 4 days? Why? What should you never do? |
1) Cold compresses, rest and elevation, sterile dressing, antibiotics, debridement and skin grafting.
2) Apply cold compress 3) Assist in decreasing the enzymatic activity of the venom and may limit tissue necrosis. 4) NEVER apply heat to the site |
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Black Widow Spider
Where do they live? Preference? Type of venom? Usual prey? |
1) Every state except Alaska
2) Cool damp environment Outdoor log piles Vegetation and under rocks Inhabit barns, sheds, and garages 3) Neurotoxic venom 4) Small lizards and snakes. |
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Black Widow Spider
What does a bite look like? Clinical s/s? s/s? |
1) Tiny papule or small red puncture site. Intense pain at the site. Usually only experience a local reaction.
2) Latrodectism: the venom causes neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals. 3) severe abdominal pain, muscle rigidity, spasm, hypertension, n/v, facial swelling, ptosis, diaphoresis, weakness, increased salivation, priapism, increased respiratory secretions. |
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Black Widow Spider
NON-MEDICAL interventions for a bite? MEDICAL interventions for a bite? Is Antivenom used? |
1) Apply ice to site, inhibits the action of the neurotoxins
2) Vital signs Supportive therapy Pain medications Valium Tetanus Antihypertensive agent 3) Antivenom- not used often |
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Tarantulas
Where can they be found? What does their venom do? Describe another defense mechanism of theirs? Why? |
1) Found on tropical and subtropical areas of the U.S.
2) Paralyzes prey and causes muscle necrosis and local effects |
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Tarantulas
Describe another defense mechanism of theirs? What does it cause? |
1) Launching the urticarting hairs in their dorsal abd. area towards victims.
2) Hair penetrates the skin, eyes and causes severe inflammatory response |
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Tarantulas
S/S of bite? Interventions? Tidbit? |
1) Pain, Swelling, Redness, Numbness, Lymphangitis, Intense itching that can last up to several weeks
2) Supportive, Analgesics, 3) Use sticky tape to remove the hairs. Then, irrigate the skin. |
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Scorpions
Where are they found? How do they sting you? |
1) Anywhere if they are a pet, in luggage or packages. Bark scorpions can be found in trees, wood piles and debris
2) Device in tail injects venom. |
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Scorpions
S/S of a sting? S/S of a bark scorpions? Could L/T? Duration? |
1) Local pain, Inflammation and mild systemic reactions.
2) Neurotoxic= cranial nerve and musculoskeletal system 3) respiratory failure, pancreatitis 4) Max intensity in 5 hours |
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Scorpions
Interventions? |
1) Vital signs
Assessment and continuous monitoring. Apply ice to site for pain control Tetanus prophylaxis and basic wound care Analgesic and sedatives for pain control |
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Bee and Wasps
Pathophysiology of a sting? S/S? |
1) Discomfort to the severe pain and life threatening anaphylaxis.
Stings can be done repeatedly. 2) Immediate pain, wheel and flare reaction, generalized edema, n/v/d |
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Bee and Wasps
Sting intervention? What do you do if allergic to sting? |
1) Remove the stinger, apply ice to site, avoid pinching the stinger,
brush off or gently scrap. 2) Administer Epi Pen, Benadryl, Steroids, and beta 2 antagonist ( Pepcid) |
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Lightening
Who's at risk? How many volts in high voltage electricity? Lightening strike? |
1) Anyone without adequate shelter is at risk
2) > 1000 Volts 3) > 1 million volts |
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Lightening
Risks (why?) |
-- Cardiopulmonary and central nervous system are affected
-- A massive current can cause either asystole or ventricular fibrillation -- Prolonged arrest can cause hypoxia -- Myocardial injury can occur -- Temporary paralysis -- Loss of consciousness -- Amnesia -- Confusion and disorientation |
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Lightening
Interventions for it? Tidbit? Medical Interventions? |
1) Monitoring for injuries
Spinal immobilization ABC’s 3) There is no danger for rescuer of being electrocuted 3) Vital signs Cardiac monitoring EKG Labs (Ck, CKMB, BUN, Creatine) Tetanus prophylaxis |