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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the life-threatening causes of acute chest pain |
1) acute coronary syndrome 2) aortic dissection 3) pulmonary embolism 4) pneumonia 5) tension pneumothorax 6) oesophageal rupture |
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List the causes of presentation with acute upper airway obstruction |
1) inhaled foreign body 2) epiglottitis 3) croup 4) facial burns 5) angioedema 6) trauma 7) carcinoma 8) retropharyngeal abscess |
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List the causes of distributive shock |
1) anaphylaxis 2) sepsis 3) neurogenic 4) drug-related 5) acute adrenal insufficiency |
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List the causes of hypovolaemic shock |
1) haemorrhage 2) external fluid loss |
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List the causes of obstructive shock |
1) pulmonary embolism 2) tension pneumothorax 3) cardiac tamponade 4) dynamic hyperinflation |
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List the causes of cardiogenic shock |
1) acute coronary syndrome 2) myocarditis 3) cardiomyopathy 4) drug toxicity 5) acute valvular dysfunction 6) arrythmia |
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List the causes of acute breathlessness |
1) acute asthma 2) COPD 3) pneumonia 4) pulmonary embolism 5) pneumothorax 6) pulmonary oedema 7) acute upper airway obstruction 8) metabolic causes 9) respiratory muscle weakness |
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List the causes of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage |
1) peptic ulcer disease 2) gastritis 3) reflux oesophagitis 4) oesophageal or gastric varices 5) oesophageal tear 6) neoplasm |
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List broad categories of causes of altered level of consciousness |
1) hypoxia 2) drugs 3) cerebral 4) metabolic 5) endocrine 6) septicaemia |
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List the cerebral causes of altered level of consciousness |
1) meningitis / encephalitis 2) head injury 3) seizure disorder 4) cerebrovascular accident 5) space-occupying lesion 6) hypertensive encephalopathy 7) vasculitis (such as SLE) |
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List the metabolic causes of altered level of consciousness |
1) renal failure 2) liver failure 3) electrolyte disorder 4) vitamin deficiency (eg thiamine) 5) acute intermittent porphyria |
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List the endocrine causes of altered level of consciousness |
1) hypoglycaemia 2) hyperglycaemia 3) thyrotoxicosis 4) myxoedema 5) Cushing's syndrome 6) Addison's disease 7) hyperparathyroidism |
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List the cardiac causes of syncope |
1) arryhthmia 2) myocardial infarction 3) stenotic valve lesion 4) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 5) drug toxicity |
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List the causes of postural hypotension
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1) hypovolaemia 2) autonomic dysfunction 3) drugs |
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List the causes of secondary seizure |
1) hypoglycaemia 2) head injury 3) hypoxia 4) infection 5) acute poisoning 6) drug withdrawal 7) intracranial pathology 8) electrolyte disturbance 9) eclampsia |
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List the serious or life-threatening causes of headache |
1) meningitis 2) subarachnoid haemorrhage 3) space-occupying lesion 4) temporal arteritis 5) acute narrow-angle glaucoma 6) hypertensive encephalopathy |
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List the causes of acute monoarthropathy |
1) septic arthritis 2) gout or pseudogout 3) trauma and haemarthrosis |
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List the causes of acute polyarthropathy |
1) rheumatoid arthritis 2) SLE 3) psoriatic arthritis 4) ankylosing spondylitis 5) reactive arthritis 6) viral illness 7) sarcoidosis 8) osteoarthritis, haemochromatosis, acromegaly 9) ulcerative colitis, Crohns disease, gonococcal infection, Behcets disease, Lyme disease |
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List the common skin blistering disorders |
1) herpes zoster 2) herpes simplex 3) impetigo 4) bullous eczema / pompholyx 5) drug reaction |
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List the causes pruritic rash |
1) insect bites, scabies, parasites 2) eczema 3) contact dermatitis 4) urticaria 5) lichen planus 6) pityriasis rosea 7) drug reaction 8) dermatitis herpetiformis |
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List the causes of non-palpable purpura |
1) thrombocytopaenia 2) trauma 3) corticosteroids 4) uraemia 5) von Willebrand's disease 6) old age |
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List the causes of palpable purpura |
1) vasculitis 2) meningococcaemia 3) gonococcaemia 4) other infections (eg Staphylococcal, enteroviruses) |
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List the causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis |
1) ketoacidosis 2) lactic acidosis 3) renal failure 4) exogenous acid ingestion (methanol, ethylene glycol, iron, cyanide, salicylates) |
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List the causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis |
1) renal (renal tubular acidosis, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) 2) gastrointestinal (severe diarrhoea, small bowel fistula) 3) recovery from ketoacidosis |
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List the causes of metabolic alkalosis
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1) vomiting or gastric aspiration 2) diuretics 3) laxative abuse 4) severe hypoalbuminaemia 5) severe hypokalaemia 6) massive blood transfusion |
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List the causes of respiratory alkalosis |
1) respiratory disorders / hypoxia 2) hyperventilation (head injury, pain / anxiety, iatrogenic) 3) drugs (eg salicylate poisoning) 4) fever 5) pregnancy 6) thyrotoxicosis 7) liver disease |
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List the causes of hyperkalaemia |
1) increased potassium intake (oral, IV, blood transfusion) 2) increased potassium release (burns, rhabdomyolysis, haemolysis) 3) decreased renal excretion (renal failure, drugs) 4) compartment shift (acidosis, hyperglycaemia) 5) factitious (haemolysed specimen) |
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List the causes of hypokalaemia |
1) inadequate potassium intake 2) gastrointestinal loss (vomiting, diarrhoea, laxative abuse) 3) renal loss (hypomagnesaemia, Cushing's / Conn's / Barter's syndromes, diuretics) 4) compartment shift (alkalosis, insulin, drugs, hypomagnesaemia) |
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List the causes of hypernatraemia |
1) decreased fluid intake 2) hypotonic fluid loss (gastrointestinal due to vomiting or diarrhoea, renal due to diabetes insipidus, hyperglycaemia, hypercalcaemia) 3) increased salt load (hyperaldosteronism or Cushing's syndrome, excessive ingestion of sodium) |
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List the causes of pseudohyponatraemia |
1) hyperglycaemia 2) hyperlipidaemia 3) hyperproteinaemia |
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List the causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia with high urinary sodium |
1) diuretics
2) Addison's disease 3) salt-losing nephropathy 4) glycosuria 5) ketonuria |
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List the causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia with low urinary sodium |
1) vomiting 2) diarrhoea 3) burns 4) pancreatitis |
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List the causes of normovolaemic hyponatraemia with urine osmolality > serum osmolality |
1) SIADH 2) drugs such as antidepressants, NSAIDs, carbamazepine 3) positive pressure ventilation 4) porphyria |
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List the causes of normovolaemic hyponatraemia with urine osmolality < serum osmolality |
1) psychogenic polydipsia 2) hypotonic fluid administration 3) malnutrition 4) alcoholism |
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List the causes of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia with low urinary sodium |
1) congestive cardiac failure 2) cirrhosis 3) nephrotic syndrome 4) hypoalbuminaemia 5) hepatorenal syndrome |
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List the causes of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia with high urinary sodium |
1) steroids 2) cerebral salt wasting 3) chronic renal failure 4) hypothyroidism |
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List the causes of hypercalcaemia |
1) primary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism 2) malignancy 3) sarcoidosis 4) thyrotoxicosis 5) tuberculosis 6) drugs (eg thiazides) 7) Addison's disease |
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List the causes of hypocalcaemia |
1) chronic renal failure 2) acute pancreatitis 3) rhabdomyolysis 4) tumour lysis syndrome 5) primary respiratory alkalosis 6) calcium channel blocker overdose |
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List the causes of hypomagnesaemia |
1) GI loss (vomiting, diarrhoea, pancreatitis) 2) acute tubular necrosis 3) chronic renal failure 4) drugs (alcohol, diuretics, gentamicin, digoxin) 5) malnutrition 6) diabetic ketoacidosis 7) thyrotoxicosis 8) hyperparathyroidism |
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List the causes of pre-renal failure |
1) shock 2) burns 3) sepsis 4) dehydration 5) heart failure 6) renal artery stenosis 7) renal artery embolism |
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List the causes of intrinsic renal failure |
1) acute tubular necrosis 2) acute interstitial nephritis 3) acute glomerulonephritis 4) malignant hypertension 5) renal vein thrombosis |
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List the causes of post-renal failure |
1) ureteric obstruction caused by calculi, tumour, strictures, retroperitoneal fibrosis 2) prostatic disease |
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List the gastrointestinal causes of acute abdominal pain |
1) acute appendicitis 2) intestinal obstruction 3) intussusception 4) perforation of a viscus 5) diverticulitis 6) inflammatory bowel disease 7) biliary colic 8) acute cholecystitis 9) acute pancreatitis |
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List the vascular causes of acute abdominal pain |
1) ruptured aortic aneurysm 2) ischaemic colitis 3) mesenteric infarction 4) ruptured spleen |
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List the genitourinary causes of acute abdominal pain |
1) renal colic 2) pyelonephritis 3) acute urinary retention 4) acute epididymo-orchitis 5) acute testicular torsion |
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List the gynaecological causes of acute abdominal pain |
1) ruptured ectopic pregnancy 2) pelvic inflammatory disease 3) ruptured ovarian cyst 4) ovarian torsion 5) endometriosis |
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List the thoracic causes of acute abdominal pain |
1) myocardial infarction 2) pericarditis 3) pulmonary embolism 4) pneumonia 5) aortic dissection |
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List the endocrine and metabolic causes of acute abdominal pain |
1) diabetic ketoacidosis 2) hypercalcaemia 3) Addison's disease 4) lead poisoning 5) iron poisoning 6) paracetamol poisoning 7) acute intermittent prophyria |
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List the causes of breathlessness in a child |
1) asthma 2) bronchiolitis 3) pneumonia 4) anaphylaxis |
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List the causes of stridor in a child |
1) croup 2) epiglottitis 3) inhaled foreign body |
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List the surgical causes of acute abdominal pain in children |
1) appendicitis 2) Meckel's diverticulitis 3) peritonitis 4) intussusception 5) malrotation / volvulus 6) incarcerated hernia 7) testicular torsion 8) trauma / abuse |
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List the medical causes of acute abdominal pain in children |
1) mesenteric adenitis 2) gastroenteritis 3) constipation 4) urinary tract infection 5) hepatitis 6) HSP 7) diabetic ketoacidosis 8) pneumonia 9) tonsillitis 10) meningitis |
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List the causes of diarrhoea in a child |
1) gastroenteritis 2) infection (septicaemia, UTI, pneumonia, tonsillitis, otitis media) 3) appendicitis 4) intussusception 5) partial bowel obstruction 6) medications (antibiotics) 7) chronic relapsing conditions (eg inflammatory bowel disease) |
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List the causes of a limping child aged between 1 and 3 years old |
1) infection (septic arthritis or osteomyelitis) 2) developmental dysplasia of the hip 3) trauma: toddler's fracture, stress fracture, puncture wound 4) cerebral palsy, neuromuscular disease, tumours, congenital hypotonia |
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List the causes of a limping child aged between 4 and 10 years old |
1) transient synovitis 2) Perthes' disease 3) infection: septic arthritis or osteomyelitis 4) trauma: fractures, ligamentous injuries 5) juvenile rheumatoid arthritis 6) juvenile idiopathic arthritis 7) leukaemia |
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List the causes of a limping child aged between 11 and 15 years old |
1) slipped capital femoral epiphysis 2) trauma: overuse syndromes 3) infection: gonoccocal 4) neoplasia 5) arthritis (juvenile idiopathic or rheumatoid) |
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List the causes of a painful red eye |
1) acute conjunctivitis (allergic, viral, bacterial) 2) acute keratitis 3) acute iritis 4) acute episcleritis and scleritis 5) acute glaucoma |
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List the causes of sudden loss of vision in an uninflamed eye |
1) central retinal artery occlusion 2) central retinal vein occlusion 3) vitreous haemorrhage 4) retinal detachment 5) optic neuritis |
