Emergency Care Of The Sick 9Th Ed. Chapt 4 Questions

Front 1

topographic anatomy

Back 1

The superficial landmark of the body

Front 2

anatomic position

Back 2

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you arms at the side with the palms of the hands forward

Front 3

anterior

Back 3

front surface of the body, the side facing you in the anatomic position

Front 4

posterior

Back 4

the back surface of the patient or the side away from you

Front 5

mid-line of the body

Back 5

an imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the naval to the floor

Front 6

mid-clavicular line

Back 6

imaginary line drawn vertically through the middle portion of the clavicle and parallel to the mid-line through the nipple

Front 7

mid-axillary line

Back 7

vertical line drawn to the middle of the axillia armpit parallel to the middle line

Front 8

right and left

Back 8

refers to patient right and left

Front 9

superior

Back 9

any part of the body that is nearer to the head

Front 10

inferior

Back 10

any part of the body nearer to the feet

Front 11

lateral

Back 11

describes structures of the body that are further from the mid-line

Front 12

medial

Back 12

describes structures of the body that are closer to the mid-line

Front 13

proximal

Back 13

describes structures that are closer to the trunk

Front 14

distal

Back 14

describes structures that are farther from the trunk
ex: elbow is distal to the shoulder and proximal to the wrist and hand

Front 15

superficial

Back 15

closer to the skin

Front 16

deep

Back 16

further inside and away from the skin

Front 17

ventral

Back 17

refers to the belly side of the body, or anterior surface of the body

Front 18

dorsal

Back 18

refers to the spinal side of the body, or the posterior surface of the body

Front 19

palmar

Back 19

the front region of the hand

Front 20

plantar

Back 20

the bottom of the foot

Front 21

apex

Back 21

the tip of a structure

Front 22

flexion

Back 22

the bending of the joint

Front 23

extension

Back 23

the straightening of the joint

Front 24

adduction

Back 24

mostion toward the midline

Front 25

abduction

Back 25

motion away from the midline

Front 26

bilateral

Back 26

appears on both sides of the midline
ex: eyes, ears, hands, feet

Front 27

quadrants

Back 27

four quarters of the abdominal cavity; right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

Front 28

praying position

Back 28

the body is lying face down

Front 29

supine position

Back 29

the body is lying face up

Front 30

fowlers position

Back 30

the patient is sitting up or slightly reclined, knees bent

Front 31

trendelenburgs position

Back 31

the body is lying flat, with feet elevated 6 to 12 inches higher then the head

Front 32

shock position, trendelenburgs position modified

Back 32

head and torso are supine or flat and the lower extremities are elevated 6 to 12 inches above the head

Front 33

How man bones in a skeleton?

Back 33

206

Front 34

Cranium

Back 34

composed of a number of thick bones that fuse together to form a shell above the eyes and ears, that hold and protect the brain

Front 35

foremen magnum

Back 35

the large hole in the base of the brain that the spinal cord comes out of

Front 36

occiput

Back 36

the most posterior portion of the cranium

Front 37

temporal region

Back 37

the bone that forms the area around the temple

Front 38

parietal region

Back 38

between the temporal and the occciput

Front 39

scalp

Back 39

the thick skin covering the cranium and usually bearing hair

Front 40

maxillae

Back 40

upper jaw bone

Front 41

zygomas

Back 41

cheek bones

Front 42

mandible

Back 42

lower jaw bone

Front 43

orbit

Back 43

eye socket, made up of the maxillae and zygomas

Front 44

pinna

Back 44

the visibal part of the ear

Front 45

mastoid process

Back 45

prominent bony mass at the base of the skull, about an inch behind the ear

Front 46

temporal mandibular joint

Back 46

joint where the mandible meets the temporal bone of the cranium just in front of the ear

Front 47

trachea

Back 47

windpipe, midline of the neck

Front 48

adams apple

Back 48

prominence of the upper part of the thyroid cartilage

Front 49

cricoid cartilage

Back 49

firm ridge of cartilage inferior to the thyroid cartilage

Front 50

cricothyroid membrane

Back 50

soft oppression midline of the neck between the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage

Front 51

sternocleidomastoid muscles

Back 51

two prominent muscles in the front of the neck that connect to the mastoid process to the collar bone and the sternum

Front 52

cervical spine

Back 52

the first 7 vertebrae, C1 through C7 that line the neck

Front 53

thoracic spine

Back 53

the next 12 vertebrae make up the thoracic spine, one pair of ribs in attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae

Front 54

lumbar spine

Back 54

the next 5 vertebrae form the lumbar

Front 55

sacrum spine

Back 55

the 5 sacrum vertebrae are fused together to form one bone called the sacrum, the sacrum is joined to the iliac bone of the pelvis

Front 56

coccyx

Back 56

the last four vertebrae also fused together, form the tailbone

Front 57

spinal cord

Back 57

exits the brain through the foremen magnum at the base of the skull and is contained in and protected by the vertebrae of the spinal column

Front 58

thorax

Back 58

cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and the aorta and two venae cavae

Front 59

clavical

Back 59

a.k.a the collar bone, overlies as the superior boundaries of the thorax in front, and articulates posterior with the scapula

Front 60

scapula

Back 60

shoulder blade, lies in the muscular tissue of the thorax thick wall

Front 61

thoracic cage

Back 61

defines the dimensions of the thorax and its attachments

Front 62

sternum

Back 62

large bone, center of the rib cage, has 3 components; manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process

Front 63

manubrium

Back 63

upper section of the sternum

Front 64

body of the sternum

Back 64

centerpart of the sternum, except for the narrow xiphoid process at the bottom

Front 65

xiphoid process

Back 65

bottom extension of the sternum

Front 66

angle of louis

Back 66

the juction of the munubrium and the body

Front 67

castal arch

Back 67

bridge of cartilage that connects the ends of the 6th through 10th ribs with the lower portion of the sternum

Front 68

floating ribs

Back 68

the 11th and 12th ribs do not attach to the castal arch

Front 69

costovertebral angle

Back 69

the form of the junction of the spine and the 10th ribs, kidney's lie deep in the back muscles

Front 70

diaphragm

Back 70

muscular dome that forms the inferior boundary of the thorax separating the chest from the abdominal cavity

Front 71

origins of the right upper quadrants

Back 71

liver, gallbladder, portion of the colon

Front 72

principle origins of left upper quadrant

Back 72

stomach, spleen, part of the colon

Front 73

principle origins of right lower quadrant

Back 73

cecum of the large intestines, and the ascending colon

Front 74

appendix

Back 74

small tubular structure, that is attached to the lower border of the cecum

Front 75

chief landmarks of the abdomen

Back 75

costal arch, umbilicus, anterior superior iliac spine, iliac crest, pubic synphysis,

Front 76

Anterior superior iliac spine

Back 76

only prominances of the pelvis at the front on each side of the lower abdomen just below the umbilicus

Front 77

pubic synphysis

Back 77

hard bony prominence in the midline in the lower most portion of the abdomen

Front 78

inguinal ligament

Back 78

a tough ligament between the lateral edge of the pubic synphysis and the interior superior spine, below which lies the semoral vessels

Front 79

three bones of the pelvis

Back 79

ilium, ischium, pubis

Front 80

iliac crest

Back 80

anterior lateral section of the pelvis bone

Front 81

greater trochanter

Back 81

sometimes called the hip bone

Front 82

femur

Back 82

thigh bone

Front 83

femoral head

Back 83

forms the ball of the ball and socket joint of the hip joint

Front 84

patella

Back 84

knee cap

Front 85

tibia

Back 85

shin bone

Front 86

fibula

Back 86

second and smaller bone of the lower leg

Front 87

shoulder gurdle

Back 87

consists of three bones; clavicle, scapula, humerus

Front 88

humerus

Back 88

large bone of the upper arm

Front 89

ulna

Back 89

larger in the proximal forearm

Front 90

radius

Back 90

larger in the distal forearm

Front 91

carpometacarpal joint

Back 91

thumb joint

Front 92

joint

Back 92

wherever two bones come in contact

Front 93

joint capsul

Back 93

fiber sack at the end of each joint that hold the bones together

Front 94

ligament

Back 94

built of tough and thick tissue surrounding the joint

Front 95

ball and socket joint

Back 95

allows rotation as well as bending

Front 96

hinge joint

Back 96

allows only adduction and extension

Front 97

skeletal muscle

Back 97

attaches to the bones of the skeleton, forms the major muscle mass of the body

Front 98

voluntary muscles

Back 98

almost all skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, can be stimulated to contract or relax at will

Front 99

striated muscle

Back 99

also called voluntary muscle

Front 100

smooth or involuntary muscle

Back 100

carries out much of the automatic work of the body, found in gastral intestinal tract, urinary system, and blood vessels

Front 101

cardiac muscle

Back 101

specially adapted smooth muscle that operates continuously,can set its own rhythm without influence from the brain

Front 102

respiratory system

Back 102

consists of all the structures of the body that contribute to respiration and the process of breathing

Front 103

nasopharynx

Back 103

above the roof of the mouth of the soft pallet, the nostrils lead to this

Front 104

epiglottis

Back 104

protects the opening of the trachea leaf shaped valve

Front 105

alveoli

Back 105

tiny grape like sacs at the end of the bronchials, approximately 700 million

Front 106

pleura

Back 106

very smooth glistening tissue covering each lung

Front 107

parietalpleura

Back 107

very smooth glistening tissue lining the chest wall

Front 108

pleural space

Back 108

space between the parietalpleura and the visceralpleura

Front 109

visceralpleura

Back 109

the pleura that covers the lungs

Front 110

diaphragm

Back 110

muscle that controls breathing, has characteristics of both voluntary skeletal and involuntary smooth muscle

Front 111

characteristics of normal breathing

Back 111

1. normal raden depth
2. regular rhythm or pattern
3. good audible breath sounds
4. regular rise and fall movement of both sides of chest
5. movement of the abdomen

Front 112

respiration count of an adult

Back 112

12 to 20 breaths per minute

Front 113

signs of abnormal breathing

Back 113

1. muscle contraction above the clavicle between the ribs and below the rib cage
2. pale or cyanotic skin
3. cool damp of clammy skin
4. tripod position; patient leaning forward into arms stretch forward

Front 114

normal respiration rates of children

Back 114

15 to 30 breaths per minute

Front 115

normal respiration rates of infants

Back 115

25-50 breaths per minute

Front 116

agonal respiration

Back 116

patient appears to be breathing after heart has stopped, gasping breaths

Front 117

circulatory system

Back 117

complex arrangement of connecting tubes including the artaries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Front 118

heart

Back 118

hollow muscular organ, approximately the size of an adults closed fist

Front 119

myocardium

Back 119

cardiac muscle

Front 120

sections of the heart

Back 120

upper chamber atrium, lower chamber ventricle, left and right

Front 121

superior and inferior venae cavae

Back 121

major vessels delivering blood into the right atrium

Front 122

pulmonary artery

Back 122

blood leaving the right ventricle to go and be oxygenated in the lungs

Front 123

pulmonary vein

Back 123

oxygenated blood returning to the left atrium

Front 124

aorta

Back 124

major vessel leaving left ventricle to pump oxygenated blood into the body

Front 125

carotid artery

Back 125

major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

Front 126

femoral artery

Back 126

major artery that supplies blood to the lower extremities palpable in the groin

Front 127

posterior tibial artery

Back 127

behind the medial prominence of the ankle, can feel a pulse

Front 128

brachial artery

Back 128

major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm

Front 129

radial artery

Back 129

major artery in the forearm and is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side

Front 130

ulnar artery

Back 130

palpable at the wrist on the opposite side

Front 131

arterioles

Back 131

smallest branches of an artery leading to a vast network of capillaries

Front 132

capillary vessels

Back 132

fine end-divisions of the arterial system that allow contact between the blood and the cells of the tissue

Front 133

superior vena cava

Back 133

carries blood returning from the head neck shoulders and upper extremities

Front 134

inferior vena cava

Back 134

carries blood returning from the abdomen pelvis and lower extremities

Front 135

spleen

Back 135

solid organ located under the ribcage of the left upper quadrant, searches blood for warn out blood cells, foreign substances and bacteria

Front 136

plasma

Back 136

sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients

Front 137

red blood cells

Back 137

carry oxygen

Front 138

white blood cells

Back 138

play in a role in the body's immune defense mechanism

Front 139

platelets

Back 139

tiny disc shaped elements much smaller than a cell they are essential in the initial formation of the blood clot

Front 140

blood pressure

Back 140

pressure that the blood exerts on the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

Front 141

systole

Back 141

pressure experienced when the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood into the aorta

Front 142

diastole

Back 142

when the left ventricle relaxes, it fills with blood and lowers pressure

Front 143

perfusion

Back 143

circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current need

Front 144

nervous system

Back 144

controls all activities of the body both voluntary and involuntary

Front 145

somatic nervous system

Back 145

part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
ex: walking talking and writing

Front 146

autonomic nervous system

Back 146

controls many body functions that occur without voluntary control
ex:digestion, dilation, constriction of blood vessels

Front 147

central nervous system

Back 147

made up of the brain and the spinal cord

Front 148

3 parts of the brain

Back 148

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

Front 149

cerebrum

Back 149

makes up 3 quarters of the brain

Front 150

cerebellum

Back 150

lies underneath the cerebral tissue, coordinates body movement

Front 151

brain stem

Back 151

controls very basic body functions
ex: cardiac, respiratory

Front 152

cerebro spinal fluid

Back 152

bathes the brain and spinal chord and serves to cushion these structures and filter out impurities and toxins

Front 153

periphial nervous system

Back 153

nerve fibers that extend out from the spinal chord to the various organs and structures of the body

Front 154

sensory nerves

Back 154

carry information from the body to the central nervous system

Front 155

motor nerves

Back 155

carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles on the body

Front 156

the skin

Back 156

largest single organ in the body

Front 157

3 major functions of skin

Back 157

1. protect the body form the environment
2. regulate temperature
3. transmit information from the environment to the brain

Front 158

epidermis

Back 158

composed of several layers of cells on the external part of the skin

Front 159

dermis

Back 159

below the epidermis, separated by the germinal cells

Front 160

sebaceous gland

Back 160

secretes an oily substance called sebum which helps hold the epidermal cells together

Front 161

sweat glands

Back 161

produce sweat for cooling the body

Front 162

hair follicles

Back 162

small organs that produce hair

Front 163

subcutaneous tissue

Back 163

immediately under the dermis and attached to it, composed largely of fat

Front 164

mucus membranes

Back 164

similar to skin, secrete mucus

Front 165

endocrian system

Back 165

complex methods and control system that integrates many body functions, releases hormones

Front 166

parts of digestive system

Back 166

gastrointestinal tract, mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, anus

Front 167

salivary glands

Back 167

two located under the tongue, one on each side of the lower jaw, one inside each cheek

Front 168

oropharynx

Back 168

tubular structure, 5 inches long, extends from back of mouth to esophagus and trachea

Front 169

esophagus

Back 169

collapsible tube, 10 inches long, that extends from the end of the pharynx to the stomach

Front 170

stomach

Back 170

hollow organ, located left upper quadrant, abdominal cavity

Front 171

pancreas

Back 171

flat solid organ lies below and behind the liver and stomach, produces pancreatic juice that aids in digestion and also produces insulin

Front 172

liver

Back 172

large solid organ that takes up most of the area immediately beneath the diaphragm in the upper right quadrant and also extends into the upper left quadrant

Front 173

bile ducts

Back 173

connects liver to the intestines

Front 174

gallbladder

Back 174

connects to the bile ducts, stores bile produced in the liver, aids in digestion

Front 175

small intestines

Back 175

major hollow organ of the abdomen

Front 176

large intestine

Back 176

another major hollow organ, consists of the secum, the colon, and the rectum

Front 177

appendix

Back 177

3 to 4 inches long opens into the secum

Front 178

rectum

Back 178

lower most end of the colon

Front 179

anus

Back 179

end of the rectum

Front 180

urinary system

Back 180

controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys in the urinary system

Front 181

kidneys

Back 181

organs that rid the blood of toxic waste products and control its balance of water and salt

Front 182

ureter

Back 182

tube that leads from the kidneys to the bladder

Front 183

peristalsis

Back 183

wave like contraction of smooth muscle, occurs in the ureter, to move the urine to the bladder

Front 184

urinary bladder

Back 184

located immediately behind the pubic synthesis in the pelvic cavity and is composed of smooth muscle with a specialized lining membrane

Front 185

urethra

Back 185

tube that leads from the bladder

Front 186

genital system

Back 186

controls the reproductive processes from which life is created

Front 187

testicle

Back 187

specialized cells that produce male hormones and sperm

Front 188

vas deferens

Back 188

ducts that travel from the testicle up beneath the skin of the abdomen wall for a short distance, carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra

Front 189

seminal vesticles

Back 189

small storage sacs for seminal fluid

Front 190

semen

Back 190

also called seminal fluid, contain sperm cells that are carried up each vas, from each testicle to be mixed with fluid from the seminal vesticles and the prostate gland

Front 191

prostate gland

Back 191

surrounds urethra, where is emerges from the urinary bladder

Front 192

ovaries

Back 192

produces female sex hormones and eggs

Front 193

fallopian tubes

Back 193

connects with the uterus to carry ovum into the cavity of this organ