Embryology_12- Axial Skel 2, Spina Bif

Front 1

Spina bifida where

Back 1

anywhere along vert col, including skull

Front 2

Spina bifida causes

Back 2

CSF drainage problem b/c of hindbrain anomaly

Front 3

spina bifida def

Back 3

separation of vertebral elements in midline

Front 4

spina bifida occulta – chars

Back 4

common, hidden, hairs or fatty pouch (lipoma)

Front 5

spina bifida aperta – two types

Back 5

meningocele, myelo-meningocele

Front 6

meningocele defects

Back 6

bony defects and meningeal sac

Front 7

myelo-meningocele defects

Back 7

bony defect, meningeal sac, plus spinal cord or cauda

Front 8

90% spina bifida cases have

Back 8

hindbrain problems – can’t drain CSF->hydrocephalus

Front 9

Lorbers paradox

Back 9

aggr. treatment = more survivors, greater handicaps

Front 10

Hindbrain problems with spina bifida

Back 10

cerebellum displaces ->sp. canal+pons/medulla distort

Front 11

blockage in spina bifida -> drainage problem cause

Back 11

aqueduct between ventricles & spine

Front 12

hydrocephalus why

Back 12

CSF doesn’t drain, accumulates, ventricles increase, brain swells, head swells (bones not fused)

Front 13

shunt CSF to where for hydrocephalus

Back 13

peritoneal cavity

Front 14

distortion/compression of brainstem problems

Back 14

traction on cervical/cranial nerves: apnea - may stop breathing, dysphagia, vcal crd paralysis, head control

Front 15

orthopedic treatment of spina bifida includes

Back 15

kyphosis (gibbos ulceration), scoliosis treatment, correction of musc/tendons/joints

Front 16

face created from

Back 16

brain (neuroectoderm), neural crest cells + mesoderm

Front 17

mesoderm (neural crest cells) forms which part of face

Back 17

facial bones – proliferate & migrate -> face bones

Front 18

skull base

Back 18

from somites

Front 19

skull vault

Back 19

unsegmented mesoderm

Front 20

placode

Back 20

ectodermal thickenings: naso, optic, otic

Front 21

nasal placodes form

Back 21

2 frontonasal processes->split on either side of nasal pit: lateral/medial nasal placodes

Front 22

fuses into mandible

Back 22

mandibular arches

Front 23

upper jaw

Back 23

maxillary process portion of mandibular process

Front 24

upper lip

Back 24

mandibular processes joining frontonasal process

Front 25

forms sides of roof of mouth

Back 25

secondary palatal shelves

Front 26

forms front of top of mouth

Back 26

primary palate

Front 27

bears 4 incisor teeth

Back 27

primary palate (all other teeth on maxillary process)

Front 28

palates fuse superiorly with

Back 28

nasal septum

Front 29

back of secondary palate

Back 29

uvula

Front 30

must be removed for palatal shelves to fuse

Back 30

epithelium

Front 31

Cyclops

Back 31

holoprosencephaly, non-hemispheric brain, nose in forehead(or absent), 1 eye, upper lip=maxillary processes (no nasal tissue), no incisor teeth, canines in midline – mentally retarded

Front 32

eyes too close

Back 32

hypotelorism

Front 33

eyes far apart

Back 33

hypertelorism

Front 34

median cleft face syndrome

Back 34

hyperteloric, mentally normal, variety: facial abnorm.

Front 35

cleft lip causes

Back 35

genetic + environmental (pollution?): MUTATION

Front 36

cleft lip may or may not occur with

Back 36

cleft palate

Front 37

cleft palate caused by

Back 37

shelves small but otherwise normal: not enough crest cells – can’t meet, tongue not working, jaw too small – tongue can’t move, epithelium still on shelves – can’t fuse.

Front 38

pharangeal arch components

Back 38

cartilage, muscle, nerves (maj+min), vessels

Front 39

arch grows back and buries other arches

Back 39

2nd

Front 40

space beneath arch that grows back

Back 40

cervical sinus

Front 41

Area beneath arch doesn’t disappear, causes:

Back 41

branchial/pharangeal cyst – can become infected/require removal

Front 42

branchial (pharangeal cyst) where?

Back 42

ANTERIOR to Sternocleidomastoid (otherwise – if posterior, lymph nodes: malignancy? lymphoma?)

Front 43

2nd arch fuses where

Back 43

along ANTERIOR border of Sternocleidomastoid

Front 44

ears develop from

Back 44

neural crest cells

Front 45

Arch 1 nerve

Back 45

V3 (+chorda tympani of VII)

Front 46

Arch 1 muscles

Back 46

mastication

Front 47

Arch 1 bones

Back 47

mandible, plus upper parts of malleus/incus

Front 48

Chorda tympani nerve serves

Back 48

tast: anterior 2/3 of tongue

Front 49

Arch 2 nerve

Back 49

VII (+tympanic of IX)

Front 50

Arch 2 muscles

Back 50

facial expression

Front 51

Arch 2 bones

Back 51

styloid, lower malleus/incus, stapes, hyoid

Front 52

Little kids with facial abnormalities may be

Back 52

deaf (if Arch 1&2– face deforms, also ear ossicles)

Front 53

Arch 3 nerves

Back 53

IX (+auricular of X)

Front 54

Arch 3 muscles

Back 54

stylopharyngeus

Front 55

Arch 3 bones

Back 55

hyoid (lower part)

Front 56

Arch 4 nerves

Back 56

sup. laryngeal of X

Front 57

Arch 4 muscles

Back 57

larynx/pharynx

Front 58

Arch 4 bones

Back 58

larynx

Front 59

Arch 6 nerves

Back 59

recurrent laryngeal

Front 60

Arc 6 muscles

Back 60

larynx/pharynx

Front 61

Arch 6 bones

Back 61

larynx

Front 62

If short of neural crest cells = result?

Back 62

small mandible, hard of hearing

Front 63

tongue is

Back 63

epithelial bag of muscle

Front 64

tongue muscle derivation

Back 64

occipital bone somites

Front 65

tongue muscle innervation

Back 65

CN XII

Front 66

portion of tongue from arch 1

Back 66

lateral lingual swellings – tip of tongue

Front 67

portion of tongue from arch 2

Back 67

copula – connecting piece – is grown over by arch 3

Front 68

portion of tongue from arch 3

Back 68

hypobranchial eminence – posterior portion of tongue

Front 69

Anterior 2/3 of tongue arch and innervation

Back 69

1st arch, V3 lingual nerve + taste: VII chorda tympani

Front 70

No nerve VII =

Back 70

No taste, no taste buds: buds need nerves 4 devel.

Front 71

Treacher Collins syndrome: caused by

Back 71

Autosomal dominant with mutations (GENETIC)

Front 72

Treacher Collins symptoms

Back 72

small mandible/maxillae, cleft palate, no zygomas, anti-mongoloid eyeslant, no lower eyelashes, notched lid, DEAF: abnormal incus/malleus, malformed ears, NORMAL MENTALLY

Front 73

Lateral facial displasia

Back 73

due to bleeding in utero: toxic. Normal mentally, asymmetry – can involve all structures

Front 74

major artery of face in adult

Back 74

facial artery

Front 75

major artery of face in embryo

Back 75

stapedial artery (goes through hole in stapes – later obliterates)

Front 76

During changeover of blood supply, problem, causes?

Back 76

face is vulnerable to bleeding when changing blood supp. to face, can cause lateral facial dysplasia

Front 77

endocrine glands (3)

Back 77

thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary

Front 78

thyroid derivation

Back 78

endoderm of tongue

Front 79

thyroid created from

Back 79

foramen cecum tunnel at back of tongue – buds off, foramen atrophies, becomes fibrous

Front 80

‘normal’ form of thyroid

Back 80

two lateral lobes with connecting isthmus

Front 81

if more glandular tissue, thyroid may have

Back 81

pyramidal lobe

Front 82

hormones of thyroid produced by

Back 82

endodermal cells

Front 83

thyroid has components of what germ layers

Back 83

all – neural crest which migrate to thyroid, vessels from mesoderm, epithelial layer

Front 84

thyroid cells produce

Back 84

calcitonin

Front 85

lingual thyroid

Back 85

back of tongue. can be where valecula should be

Front 86

thyroid in chest

Back 86

descends too far

Front 87

thyrotoxicosis

Back 87

HUNGRY, anxious, panicky – high heart rate, heart may fail: beats too fast to fill

Front 88

Thyroid deficiency in adults

Back 88

Myxedema

Front 89

thyrotoxicosis symptoms

Back 89

staring bulging eyes, jumpy fast metabolic rate

Front 90

hypothyroid

Back 90

causes cretinism in children

Front 91

cretinism symptoms

Back 91

mentally retarded dwarfs, sleep a lot, don’t want to eat, tongue hangs out, if neo-natal, MUST give thyroid hormone, or will have developmental problems

Front 92

% of newborns without thyroid

Back 92

70%

Front 93

% with thyroid that can’t produce/release/respond to

Back 93

30% - not enough thyroid hormone = death.

Front 94

Dietary reasons for cretinism

Back 94

iodine deficiency, (some diets: cassava:binds iodine)

Front 95

parathyroid gland purpose

Back 95

high calcium level

Front 96

if too much parathyroid, condition?

Back 96

hyperparathyroidism: high calcium level in blood, stones in urinary tract, less calcium in bones = fractures, paranoia

Front 97

mneomnic for hyperparathyroidism

Back 97

stones bones moans groans

Front 98

parathyroid glands develop where

Back 98

pouches 3 & 4

Front 99

pouch 3 parathyroid

Back 99

inferior

Front 100

pouch 4 parathyroid

Back 100

superior

Front 101

Parathyroid location, number

Back 101

variable, variable.

Front 102

embryonic mouth name

Back 102

stomadea (from stomadeal placode)

Front 103

anterior pituitary origin

Back 103

stomadeal placode –> rathkes pouch -> anterior pit.

Front 104

posterior pituitary origin

Back 104

downgrowth of diencephalons infundibulum – posterior pituitary + stalk

Front 105

effect if no anterior pituitary in kids

Back 105

failure to grow

Front 106

anterior pituitary produces

Back 106

hGH

Front 107

Posterior pituitary produces

Back 107

antidieuretic hormone

Front 108

Anterior pituitary stalk connection

Back 108

blood vessels

Front 109

Posterior pituitary stalk connection

Back 109

nerves

Front 110

which pituitary: acute signs if damaged – ant or post?

Back 110

posterior: no antidiuretic hormone (normally gets kidney to reabsorb fluid) if gone – pour out GALLONS of urine -> patients need LOTS of IV fluid

Front 111

posterior pituitary stalk if damaged

Back 111

will grow back over time

Front 112

benign tumour of Rathkes pouch -where ant. pit. devel

Back 112

Craniopharyngioma

Front 113

rathkes pouch tumour will effect

Back 113

hormone & cranial nerve problems, esp. CNII, compressed by tumour growth

Front 114

craniopharyngeoma symptoms

Back 114

bitemporal hemianopia (can’t see out to sides or may go blind if enough nerves damaged) hormonal problems (kids with pubic hair, breasts, pigmented nipples, that are also BLIND) SURGICAL TRTMNT.