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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most of urogenital system develops from what tissue?
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intermediate mesoderm
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What is the name for the long cylinder of mesoderm that is formed from the growth and expansion of intermediate mesoderm on both sides of the midline?
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nephrogenic cord
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The nephrogenic cord causes a buldge to develop on the dorsal coelomic wall called what?
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urogenital ridge
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Within tissues responsibe for urogenital ridge, portions of what two systems develop?
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urinary, genital
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What 4 basic structures form the urinary system?
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kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
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The kidney develops from what tissue?
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intermediate mesoderm
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The ureters develop from what tissue?
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intermediate mesoderm
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The bladder develops from what tissue?
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urgenital sinus (splanchnic mesoderm, endoderm)
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The urethra develops from what tissue?
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female - urogenital sinus (splanchnic mesoderm), male - urogenital sinus (splanchnic mesoderm) and distal end from ectoderm
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What are the names of the three sets of kidneys that form in the embryo?
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pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
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All three sets of kidneys in the embryo come from what tissue?
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intermediate mesoderm
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The embryonic kidneys develop in a (cranial to caudal, caudal to cranial) sequence
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cranial to caudal
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Where and when does the pronephric kidney develop?
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cervical region, 4th week
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What type of function does the proneohric kidney have in fish? Humans?
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in fish, it's a fully functional kidney. In humans, it serves no function.
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The pronephric tubules forms as vesicles in what?
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nephrogenic cord
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When do the pronephric tubules degenerate?
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4th week
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The pronephric duct connects what structures?
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the pronephric tubules
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What happens to the cranial end of the pronephric duct?
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degenerates
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What happens to the caudal end of the pronephric duct?
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forms duct draining mesonephric kidney
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Where and when does the mesonephric kidney develop?
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in the thorax and abdomen, at the end of the 4th week
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What function does the mesonephric kidney serve in humans? When does it do this?
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interim kidney, betweeth week 5 and 10
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The mesonephric tubules form as vesicles in what structure?
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mephrogenic cord
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What happens to the mesonephric tubules in females? Males?
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degenerate; most degenerate, some form efferent ductules of testes
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True or False, the mesonephric duct persists in the thorax and abdomen
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True.
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What is the function of the mesonephric duct?
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Drains urine formed in mesonephric kidney into cloaca
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What happens to the mesonephric duct in females? Males?
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degenerates; persists to form ductus deferens (vas deferens)
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Where and when does the metanephric kidney develop?
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pelvis, early week 5
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True or False, the metanephric kidney has no purpose in the adult
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False. It forms the kidney!
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When does the metanephric kidney begin to funciton?
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week 9
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What what two structures does the metanephric kidney form?
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ureteric bud, metanephric mesoderm (metanephric blastema)
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What structure must contact the nephrogenic cord in the pelvic region for the metanephric mesoderm to form?
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ureteric bud
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further development of the ureteric bud requires a signal from what structure?
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metanephric mesoderm
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further development of the metanephric mesoderm requires signals from what structure?
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ureteric bud
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The ureteric bud forms what 4 major structures? (Hint: CURC)
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Collecting ducts, ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor Calyces
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The ureteric bud forms from a dorsal outgrowth of what structure?
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mesonephric duct
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When the ureteric bud penetrates the metanephric mesoderm, what does it induce?
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metanephric mass
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The utereric bud, in general, forms the urine ____ part of the kidney
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collecting
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The metanephric mesoderm forms what 4 structures? (Hint: nephron)
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bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending and ascending limbs of Henle, distal tubule
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Arched collecting ducts induce clusters of cells in the metanephric mesoderm to form metanephric ____ which elongate to form metanephric ____
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vesicles, tubules
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The free end of the metanephric tubules dilate to form what structure?
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Bowman's capsule
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the Bowman's capsule is indented by tuf of blod vessels to form what?
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glomerulus
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The metanephric mesoderm, in general, forms the urine ___ part of the kidney
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forming
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The renal corpuscle is what two structures?
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bowman's capsule and glomerulus
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True or False, the bowman's capsule is not considered part of the nephron
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False. It is.
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The uriniferous tubule is what two structures?
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nephron and collecting duct
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The nephron forms from ____ and the collecting duct forms from ___ (tissue types)
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metanephric mesoderm; metanephric diverticulum (or ureteric bud)
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The metanephric kidneys initially develop where?
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pelvis
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When do the metanephric kidneys reach their adult location in the posterior abdominal wall?
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9th week (just before they start to function)
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What type of position changes occur with the suprarenal gland?
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None, they develop right where they will be in the adult
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What is unique about the blood supply to the kidney as it develops?
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starts with artery from common iliac, then it gets arteries from aorta as it ascends
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True or False, both the arterial and venous blood flow changes as the kidney develops and moves
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True.
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Renal agenesis is a malformation of what structure?
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ureteric bud
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What results from a lack of formation of ureteric bud or lack of interaction of ureteric bud with nephrogenic cord?
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renal agenesis
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True or False, unilateral renal agenesis is not compatible with life
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False, it IS compatible with life
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(unilateral, bilateral) agenesis is compatible with life, where (unilateral, bilateral) agenesis is not
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unilateral, bilateral
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(unilateral, bilateral) agenesis is associated with oligohyramnios
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bilateral
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True or False, because of how the kidneys develop, it is impossible to have duplicated ureters
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False, these can happen
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What is is called when a kidney is in the wrong position? When two kidneys are connected?
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ectopic, horseshoe
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What is the current theory on how polysystic kidney disease occurs?
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maldevelopment of epithelial cells lining loops of Henle
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True or False, the cortex and medulla of the suprarenal glands have different origins
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True.
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From what tissue does the cortex of the suprarenal gland form?
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aggregation of mesenchyme from mesothelium
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From what tissue does the medulla of the suprarenal gland form?
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neural crest cells from adjacent sympathetic ganglia
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The bladder and urethra form from what?
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cloaca
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The bladder and urethra are composed of what two tissues?
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endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm
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The cloaca is divided by the urorecta septum into what two structures?
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ventral - urogenital sinus, dorsal - rectum and superior anal canal
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What are the three regions of the urogenital sinus?
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vesicle part, pelvic part, and phallic part
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Which of the three regions of the urogenital sinus are continuous with te allantois?
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vesicle part
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The pelvic part of the urogenital sinus forms what?
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urethra
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What does the phallic part of the urogenital sinus form in females? Males?
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vestibule of the vagina; spongy urethra
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Transitional epithelium of the bladder develops from endoderm of what region?
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vesicle
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The allantois becomes what structure?
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urachus
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The allantois forms what strucure in humans?
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median umbilical ligament
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What is formed by incorporation of mesonephric duct into posterior wall of bladder?
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trigone of the bladder
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What can form from a lack of proper closure of allantois?
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urachal fistula or cysts
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With a urachal fistula, you may leak what from the umbilicus?
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urine
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What happens in an exstophy of the bladder?
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lack of migration of somitic mesoderm into somatic mesoderm to form proper body wall
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Male sex is set by (XY, XX) chromosomes and female sex is set by (XY, XX) chromosomes
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XY for male, XX for female
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Development of genital ducts and external genitalia depends on the presence of what?
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hormones
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True or False, the genital ducts must always match the genetic sex
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False.
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True or False, the external genetalia must always match the genetic sex
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False.
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What is the "indifferent stage of development" with respect to gonadal development?
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This is the point where male and femal genetalia are not distinguishable
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Gonads develop from what structure?
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urogenital ridge
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Development of the testes is dependent on what factor?
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testes determining factor (TDF)
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Primordial germ cells migrate to the gonad from where?
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yolk sac
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The epithelium of the gonadal ridge forms what?
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sex cords
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What type of cells make testosterone?
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interstitial cells of Leydig
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What type of cells produce Mullerian duct inhibiting factor?
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sustentacular cells of Sertoli
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Sustentacular cells of Sertolid produce what?
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Mullerian duct inhibiting factor (MIF)
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MIF, testosterone, and TDF are present in development of (testes, ovaries)
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testes
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Secondary sec cords (cortical cords) develop from what?
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surface epithelium
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oogenia go through meiosis to produce what?
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promary oocytes
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Cortical cords disperse to form what?
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primordial follicles
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Primary oocytes are surrounded by cuboidal later of what type of cells?
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follicular
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True or False, all gametes have developed into primary oocytes by time of birth
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True.
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Primary oocytes remain in this state until when?
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reproductive cycle at puberty
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What are the two main ducts in the indifferent stage of the genital ducts?
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mesonephric duct, paramesonephric duct
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What are other names for the mesonephric duct and the paramesonephric duct?
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Wolffian duct, Mullerian duct
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What 5 things form from the mesonephric ducts? (Hint: SEEDD)
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seminal vesicle, efferent ductules, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, ductus epididymis
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What 3 things form from the paramesonephric duct? (Hint: FUU)
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Fallopian (ovarian) Tubes, uterus, upper 1/3 of vagina
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What 2 auxillary glands form as outgrowths from the urethra?
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prostate gland and bulbourethral gland
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True or False, the female genital ducts and auxillay genital glands to not depend on the presence of ovaries
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True.
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What does the female genital ducts and auxillary glands depend on?
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A lack of testes
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PERSISTANCE of the paramesonephric duct depends on LACK of what?
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Mullerian inhibiting substance/factor (MIF)
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REGRESSION of the mesonephric duct in females depends on the LACK of what?
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testosterone
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The inferior 2/3 of the vagina are formed by the interaction of what two structures?
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uterovaginal primordium and urogenital sinus
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What seperates vagina from UG sinus?
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hymen
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Upper 1/3 of vagina is from ___ and what tissue?
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paramesonephric duct, mesoderm
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Lower 2/3 of vagina are from ___ and what tissue?
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UG sinus, endoderm
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When the mesonephric duct regresses, what does it leave behind? (3 things)
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epoophoron, paroophoron, Gartner's ducts
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In the male genitalia, what forms the penis?
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phallus
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What structures fuse to form the spongy urethra in males?
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urogenital folds
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The Glandular plate in glans penis canalizes to move the urethral orifice to what end of the penis?
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distal end
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What fuse to form the scrotum?
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labioscrotal swellings
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Female external genitalia are dependent upon a lack of what?
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testosterone
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What happens to the urogenital folds in a female?
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They do not fuse
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The urethral groove and phallic portion of UG sinus in females stay open to form what?
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vestibule of vagina
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What type of tissue forms the glandular plate?
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surface ectoderm
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What type of tissue forms the phallic portion of the UG sinus?
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endoderm
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What is the name for incomplete fusion of UG folds or canalization of glandular plate where urethral orifice is on ventral side of penis?
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hypospadias
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1 in every ??? Male infants are effected by hypospadias
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300
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vetral curvature of the penis, usually associated with hypospadias, is called what?
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chordee
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A rare condition where there is a fissure on the dorsal side of the penis that often occurs in conjuntion with exstrophy of the bladder is what?
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epispadias
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What is in excess in female pseudohermaphrodites?
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excess androgen (external genitalia are masculanized)
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What is the sex genotype in testicular feminization?
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XY
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In male pseudohermaphrodites, the genotype is (XX, XY) and what hormone is deficient?
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XY, testosterone
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What two things might be alcking in testicular feminization?
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no androgen binding protein, no 5a-reductase enxyme
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True or False, in female pseudohermaphrodites, the sex chromosomes are XX
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True.
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When the testes descend from the abdomen, they follow the path of what?
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gubernaculum through inguinal canal
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What is processus vaginalis?
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evagination of peritoneum that passes through inguinal canal
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Testes go from abdomen to ___ and ovaries go from abdomen to ___
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scrotum, pelvis
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What is the female homolog of the gubernaculum?
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round ligament
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Where does the round ligament terminate?
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labia majora
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Undescended testes occurs in 3-4% of FULL TERM males and is called what?
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cryptorchidism
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What percent of premature male births suffer from cryptorchidism?
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30% (most descend within a few months)
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When the processus vaginalis remains in open communication with peritoneal cavity it is known as what?
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indirect inguinal hernia
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Fluid accumulation in the tunica vaginalis is called what?
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hydrocele
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(in class question) A bicornuate uterus was diagnosed in a 20 year old patient who had been referred to a gynecologist on account of several miscarriages. This uterine anomaly results from:
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a defect of the paramesonephric ducts
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