Embryology - Spermatogenesis And Oogenesis

Front 1

What process results in two daughter cells with identical chromosome number?

Back 1

mitosis

Front 2

True or False, daughter cells in mitosis have the same DNA as the parent cell

Back 2

True.

Front 3

Meiosis results in ___ that have half the original chromosome number, and so we say they are ___.

Back 3

gametes, haploid

Front 4

If a cell undergoes meiosis, then the daughter cell only has half of the parent cell's DNA. How does it get a full set again?

Back 4

When it fuses with another cell that's haploid (aka, the fusion of sperm and egg)

Front 5

How many sets of chromosomes are in a haploid cell? Diploid?

Back 5

1, 2

Front 6

What is the object of mitosis?

Back 6

to make to identical cells (growth and repair)

Front 7

In the female sex chromosomes, one of the X's is condensed into what structure?

Back 7

Barr body

Front 8

What two types of cells do not divide after birth?

Back 8

nerve, muscle

Front 9

How long is the lifespan of a general cell in our body?

Back 9

a few days

Front 10

True or false, in meiosis, cells must duplicate their DNA just before division to ensure that each daughter cell is diploid

Back 10

False, mitosis

Front 11

In Meiosis, there is no DNA replication at telephase (1 or 2)

Back 11

2

Front 12

The final product of meiosis is said to be (haploid, diploid) (1N, 2N, 4N)

Back 12

haploid, 1N

Front 13

What happens in nondisjunction? (think about 2 places where this can happen in meiosis)

Back 13

When chromosome does not split into sister chromatids and leaves a cell empty.

Front 14

True or False, there is no DNA duplication in meiosis

Back 14

False!!! There is at first. The first round is just like mitosis except that you have crossing over. Then those two daughter cells split but do NOT DNA replicate in the second split.

Front 15

Starting with 1 cell in meiosis, how many haploid cells area created at the end?

Back 15

4

Front 16

True or False, haploid cells cannot determine the sex of a human on their own because the only have either 1 X or 1 Y

Back 16

True.

Front 17

Which of these combinations will be male? Female? Not survive? (XX, XY, XO, YO, XXX, XYY, XXY)

Back 17

XX, XO, XXX - female XY, XYY, XXY - male YO - does not survive

Front 18

True or False, normal female eggs never carry a Y chromosome, only an X

Back 18

True.

Front 19

True or False, normal male eggs never carry an X, only a Y

Back 19

False. Females only have X, but males have both an X and Y so their sperm can have either.

Front 20

Trisomy 21 is the technical name for what genetic disease?

Back 20

Down's Syndrome

Front 21

When you're missing a chromosome it's called ___. When you have three copies of a chromosome, it's called ___.

Back 21

monosomy, trisomy

Front 22

What are the names for trisomy 13, 18 and 21?

Back 22

Patau syndrome, Edward's syndrome, Down's syndrome

Front 23

In Turner's syndrome, what sex chomosomes are present? In this syndrome, there is nondisjunction in (egg, sperm)

Back 23

Just 1 X, sperm

Front 24

What sex chromosomes are present in Klinefelter's syndrome?

Back 24

XXY

Front 25

True or False, spermatogenesis only refers to mitosis and meiosis.

Back 25

False, it includes those two PLUS spermiogenesis

Front 26

Nondisjunction produces cells with either ?? Or ?? Chromosomes (#)

Back 26

45, 47

Front 27

True or False, mosaicism is very severe, more so tha monosomy or trisomy

Back 27

False, less severe

Front 28

A primary spermatocyte or oocyte is the term after it enters the first what?

Back 28

meiotic division

Front 29

(in class question) When do the second oocytes complete the second meiotic division?

Back 29

at fertilization

Front 30

a secondary spermatocyte or oocyte is (haploid, diploid) and has (1N, 2N, 4N) DNA

Back 30

haploid, 2N

Front 31

Spermatid and definitive oocyte are terms used after they have completed what?

Back 31

second meiotic division

Front 32

(in class question) during spermatogenesis, what will undergo a second meiotic division?

Back 32

secondary spermatocyte (or oocyte)

Front 33

Spermatogenesis does not begin until after ___.

Back 33

puberty

Front 34

Where do primary sex cords develop?

Back 34

gonadal ridge

Front 35

mitosis of germ cells create what in males?

Back 35

spermatogonia

Front 36

What hormone triggers maturation of seminiferous tubules in male?

Back 36

testosterone

Front 37

At puberty, testosterone triggers what process?

Back 37

spermatogenesis

Front 38

True or False, spermatogenesis continues into old age

Back 38

True.

Front 39

The development of the testes occurs (pre, post)natally, and spermatogenesis occurs (pre,post) natally

Back 39

prenatally, postnatally

Front 40

How long does the process of spermatogenesis take?

Back 40

2 months

Front 41

Spermatogonia transform into what? (first step)

Back 41

primary spermatocytes

Front 42

The first meiotic division of spermatogensis produces how many secondary spermatocytes?

Back 42

2

Front 43

The second meiotic division in spermatogenesis produces what? (and how many of them?)

Back 43

spermatids, 4

Front 44

What's the name of the process that turns a spermatid into a mature sperm?

Back 44

spermiogenesis (NOT spermatogenesis)

Front 45

Humans usually have how many sperm/mL?

Back 45

20 million (Ah!!!!)

Front 46

What happens in oligospermia? Azoospermia?

Back 46

less than normal number of sperm; no sperm

Front 47

What is different between males and females with respect to meiosis?

Back 47

Males, meiosis doesn't start until puberty

Front 48

What is different between males and females with respect to production cycles?

Back 48

female eggs made cyclically, male sperm are made continuously

Front 49

What is different between males and females with respect to mobility?

Back 49

sperm are mobile, eggs are not

Front 50

What is different between males and females with respect to size?

Back 50

sperm are 100,000 times smaller by volume

Front 51

What is different between males and females with respect to mitochondria count?

Back 51

sperm have many more mitochondria (because they move)

Front 52

What is the name of the process that forms female gametes?

Back 52

Oogenesis

Front 53

Whats the name of the single later of follicular cells surrounding oogonium?

Back 53

primordial follicle

Front 54

Mitosis of primordial germ cells produce what in females?

Back 54

oogonia

Front 55

Oogonia begin meiosis (pre, post)natally

Back 55

prenatally

Front 56

primary oocytes turn into secondarty oocytes during ___.

Back 56

puberty

Front 57

True or False, non-dusjunction in females increases with age

Back 57

True., primary oocytes are arreste in meiosis d for longer and longer waiting to develop

Front 58

What type of cells form the zona pellucida?

Back 58

follicle cells

Front 59

Follicular cells secrete what hormone?

Back 59

estrogen

Front 60

A surge in what hormone causes oocyte to complete first meiotic division

Back 60

LH (Leutenizing hormone)

Front 61

Secondary oocyte begins second meiotic division but will stop at what phase?

Back 61

metaphase 2

Front 62

During ovulation, the secondary oocyte is released with what two other structures?

Back 62

zona pellucida and corona radiata

Front 63

What is required for completion of second meiotic division?

Back 63

fertilization

Front 64

Without the presence of a sperm, the secondary oocyte is called what?

Back 64

a definitive oocyte

Front 65

The remaining follicular cells in ovary after ovulation make up what?

Back 65

corpus luteum

Front 66

The corpus luteum has a lifespan of ___ days and secretes what two hormones?

Back 66

10-12, progesterone and estrogen

Front 67

If ovulation cycle is infertile, the corpus luteum forms what?

Back 67

corpus albicans

Front 68

If the ovulation cycle is fertile, what secretes HCG? What is HCG? What does it do?

Back 68

syncytiotrophoblast cells, Human Chorionic gonadotropin, prevents demise of corpus luteum

Front 69

The female reproductive cycle usually lasts about ?? Days

Back 69

28

Front 70

The ovarian cycle is under regulation by what hormone in the hypothalamus?

Back 70

GnRH (gonadotropin-releaseing hormone)

Front 71

GnRh stimulates the release of what two hormones?

Back 71

LF and FSH (lutenizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone)

Front 72

LH promotes what process?

Back 72

ovulation

Front 73

FSH promotes growth of how many primordial follicles?

Back 73

5 to 12

Front 74

The corpus luteum stimulates estrogen and ____ under the influence of what hormone?

Back 74

progesterone, LH

Front 75

Growing follicle produces estrogen under the influence of what hormone?

Back 75

FSH

Front 76

Estrogen is responsible for what phase of uterine cycle?

Back 76

proliferation (follicular)

Front 77

During the proliferation phase, the cells lining the ____ glands become highly (mitotic, meiotic)

Back 77

uterine, mitotic

Front 78

What arteries invade with the elongating glands in the proliferation phase?

Back 78

spiral

Front 79

What phase coincides with the formation of the corpus luteum?

Back 79

luteal (secratory) phase

Front 80

During the luteal phase, the endometrium continues to develop and store what?

Back 80

glycogen

Front 81

During the luteal phase, glands enlarge and become ___ shaped and spiral arteries become ___ shaped

Back 81

corkscrew, coil

Front 82

The endometrium is ?mm at beginning of follicular phase and ? To ? Mm during leteal phase

Back 82

1; 5,6

Front 83

If fertilization does not take place, levels of what hormone decrease to degenerate corpus luteum?

Back 83

progesterone

Front 84

When fertilization does not take place, the layer of ____ becomes ischemic and sloughs off

Back 84

endometrium

Front 85

True or False, the menstrual flow does not contain blood

Back 85

False. :-\

Front 86

The uterine cycle can be interupted by what?

Back 86

pregnancy

Front 87

If fertilization occurs, the syncytiotrophoblasts produce what?

Back 87

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Front 88

HCG is similar to what other hormone

Back 88

LH (Leutenizing hormone)

Front 89

At what point in time can the placenta assume endocrine function without the help of the corpus luteum?

Back 89

6th week

Front 90

What in the female collects the secondary oocytes?

Back 90

uterine tube fimbriae

Front 91

Where does fertilization occur?

Back 91

in ampulla of uterine tube

Front 92

Ejaculation deposits sperm at (anterior, posterior) fornix of vagina

Back 92

posterior

Front 93

What are the three stages needed for successful fertilization?

Back 93

sperm/oocyte recognition; prevention of polyspermy; egg activation

Front 94

What will happen in polyspermy?

Back 94

cell will be poly ploidy with an extra full set of chromosome

Front 95

Spermatozoa must have their coat of ____ removed which occurs where?

Back 95

glycoprotein, female genital tract

Front 96

What is the acrosome reaction?

Back 96

release of enxymes necessary for penetration of corona radiata and zona pellucida

Front 97

What enzymes assist in dispersal of corona radiata?

Back 97

hyaluronidase and tubal mucosal enzymes

Front 98

True or False, penetration of corona radiata requires only a few sperm

Back 98

False. Hundreds

Front 99

Sperm binds to ____ receptor in the zona and the ___ is induced to release enzymes that allow sperm to penetrate zona ____.

Back 99

glycoprotein, acrosome, pellucida

Front 100

The sperm cell fuses to the cell membrane of what?

Back 100

secondary oocyte

Front 101

The fast block and slow block are there to avoid what?

Back 101

polyspermy

Front 102

The fast block and slow block occur by what methods? (not the same)

Back 102

membrane repolarization (fast), cortical granule reaction (slow)

Front 103

What exactly is happening in the cortical granule reaction?

Back 103

fusion of two cell membrances on egg and makes zona pellucida impermiable to sperm

Front 104

Once and egg is fertilized, it goes through what step of meiosis?

Back 104

anaphase 2 (remember, it left off at metaphase 2)

Front 105

Fusion of female and male pronuclei form a (haploid, diploid) zygote

Back 105

diploid

Front 106

Put these events in the right order (implantation, morula, blastocyst, cleavage)

Back 106

cleavage, morula, blastocyst, implantation

Front 107

With respect to fertilization, what does ART stand for?

Back 107

Assisted reproductive technologies

Front 108

IVF stands for __ ___ fertilization

Back 108

in vitro

Front 109

What does ICSI stand for?

Back 109

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Front 110

ICSI allows about what % of eggs in IFV to become fertilized?

Back 110

70-85%

Front 111

Blocked uterine tubes, female with anti-sperm antibodies, and males with low fertility are all good candidates for what procedure?

Back 111

IVF

Front 112

True or False, in ICSI, the sperm cell membrane is lost and male pronucleus is released into oocyte

Back 112

True.

Front 113

how many embryos are usually transferred into the uterus in IVF?

Back 113

2 or 3

Front 114

What is done with "left over" embryos in IVF

Back 114

frozen for later use

Front 115

In embryo cloning, we remove one or more ____ from fertilized embryo

Back 115

blastomeres

Front 116

True or False, In embryo cloning, the blastomeres have identical DNA

Back 116

True.

Front 117

True or False, cloning from adult cells will produce a similar, but not duplicate, animal

Back 117

False, it WILL be a duplicate

Front 118

In adult cell cloning, ___ oocyte is removed and replaced with DNA from an adult

Back 118

secondary

Front 119

True or False, In adult cell cloning, you must implant the embryo in a womb to let it develop in an animal

Back 119

True.

Front 120

What is different in therapeutic cloning and DNA cloning?

Back 120

in therapeutic cloning, stem cells are removed from embryo with intent of producing tissure or whole organ for transplant back to person who supplied DNA in the first place

Front 121

True or False, in therapeutic cloning, the embryo dies

Back 121

True.

Front 122

What is the goal of therapeutic cloning?

Back 122

to produce healthy copy of diseased tissue or organ

Front 123

In the unused embryo can be used for what purpose?

Back 123

generate embryonic stem cells