Embryology, Seeds And Fruits

Front 1

In fruits and seeds, what happens are fertilization?

Back 1

The ovule matures to a seed and the ovary ripens into a fruit.

Front 2

What is the purpose of fruits and seeds?

Back 2

Fruits greatly improve the dispersal of seeds and some seeds themselves are modified for dispersal.

Front 3

Do Gymnosperms produce seeds?

Back 3

Yes, but their seeds are different from angiosperms in the fact that they are not surrounded by fruit.

Front 4

What is the purpose of the seed coat?

Back 4

To provide protection for the embryo.

Front 5

In embryo structures, what does the radicle do?

Back 5

It becomes the root.

Front 6

In embryo structures, what is the epicotyl?

Back 6

It is the stem tip and is above the attachment of the cotyledons.

Front 7

In embryo structures, what is the hypocotyl?

Back 7

It is the portion of the stem between the cotyledons and radicle.

Front 8

What purpose do cotyledons serve?

Back 8

They are leaf-like structures that provide nutrients for the embryo, and may or may not emerge aboveground.

Front 9

What is germination?

Back 9

The resumption of embryo growth after a period of dormancy.

Front 10

What triggers germination?

Back 10

Moisture, temperature or light cues.

Front 11

In plants with hypogean development, the cotyledons appear where?

Back 11

They remain below ground as the epicotyl elongates.

Front 12

In plants with epigean development, the cotyledons appear where?

Back 12

The cotyledons are forced above ground as the hypocotyl elongates.

Front 13

What is primary growth?

Back 13

The process through which plant cells are lengthened.

Front 14

Simple fruit:

Back 14

A fruit that develops from a single pistil.

Front 15

Dehiscent:

Back 15

Fruits that split open when they're mature, and examples include follicle, legume, silique and capsule fruits.

Front 16

Indehiscent:

Back 16

Fruits that do not split open at maturity, and nuts, samaras and achenes are examples.

Front 17

Complex fruit:

Back 17

Fruits that develop from more than one ovary.

Front 18

Aggregate fruit:

Back 18

Fruit that has many pistils. Strawberries have many seeds on the fruit that all came from one flower.

Front 19

Multiple fruit:

Back 19

Fruit that came from many flowers eventually fusing together into one. Think pineapple.

Front 20

Seed:

Back 20

A mature ovule containing an embruo and bound by a protective seed coat.

Front 21

Seed Coat:

Back 21

the outer boundary layer of a seed. It is developed from the integument.

Front 22

Hilum:

Back 22

The part where the seed is attached to the plant.

Front 23

Radicle:

Back 23

The part of an embryo in a seed that develops into a root.

Front 24

Epicotyl:

Back 24

The part of an embryo or seedling above the attachment point of the cotyledons.

Front 25

Hypocotyl:

Back 25

The portion of an embryo or seedling between the radicle and the cotyledons.

Front 26

Cotyledon:

Back 26

An embryo leaf (seed leaf) that usually either stores or absorbs food.

Front 27

Pericarp:

Back 27

Collective term for all the layers of a fruit wall.

Front 28

Endosperm:

Back 28

A food storage tissue that develops through divisions of the primary endosperm nucleus. It is difested by the sporophyte after fermination in some species or before maturation of the seed in other species.

Front 29

Plumule:

Back 29

The terminal bud of the embryo of a seed plant.

Front 30

Coleoptile:

Back 30

A protective sheath surrounding the emerging shoot of seedlings of the grass family.

Front 31

Coleorhiza:

Back 31

A protective sheath protecting the emerging radicle of seedlings of the grass familiy.

Front 32

Germination:

Back 32

The beginning of resumption of growth of a seed or spore.

Front 33

Hypogean Development:

Back 33

Plant growth where the cotyledons remain below ground as the epicotyl elongates.

Front 34

Epigean Development:

Back 34

Plant growth where the cotyledons are forced above ground as the hypocotyl elongates.

Front 35

Primary Growth:

Back 35

The process through which plant cells are lengthened.

Front 36

Apical Meristem:

Back 36

A meristem at the tip of a shoot or root.

Front 37

Ground Meristem:

Back 37

Meristem that produces all the primary tissues other than the epidermis and stele.

Front 38

Procambium:

Back 38

A tissue produced by the primary meristem that differentiates into primary xylem and phloem.

Front 39

Protoderm:

Back 39

The primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis.