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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define neurulation
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formation and closure of neural tube
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describe the process of neurulation
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notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm
neural plate folds --> rise of neural tube, open at anterior and posterior notopores |
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when does anterior notopore close?
posterior? |
day 25 (failure --> anencephaly)
day 27 (failure --> spina bifida) |
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what does the anterior notopore become?
posterior? |
brain
spinal cord |
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what is the lamina terminalis
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what the anterior notopore becomes after it closes
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what are the levels of AFP in NTD?
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high
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what are the levels of AFP in Down Syndrome?
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loW
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what does the lumen of hte neural tube become?
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the ventricles (in brain)
central canal (in spinal cord) |
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what does the rostral part of neural tube become during week 4?
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3 primary vesicles (prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhomboencephalon)
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what secondary vesicles form from the prosencephalon?
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telencephalon and diencephalon
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what secondary vesicles does the mesencephalon become?
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mesencephalon
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what secondary vesicles does the rhombencephalon become?
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metencephalon
myelencephalon |
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when do the 2ndary vesicles form in ns?
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6 wks
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types of glioblasts
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CROATE
choroid plexus cells radial glial cells oligodendrocytes astrocytes tanycytes ependymocytes |
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what do the choroid plexus cells do?
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make CSF
bound together by tight junctions (= blood-CSF barrier) |
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what do radial glial cells do?
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stain + for GFAP
guide migrating neuroblasts |
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what do oligodendrocytes do?
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they make myelin for the neurons in the CNS
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what do astrocytes do?
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+ GFAP
surround capillaries with vascular feet physical support maintain BBB |
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what do tanycytes do?
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located in wall of 3rd ventricle
transport substances from CSF to hypophyseal system |
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what do ependymocytes do?
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they line the ventricles and central canal
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what does the telencephalon develop into in adult?
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cerebral hemispheres
caudate putamen amygdaloid claustrum lamina terminalis olfactory bulbs hippocampus |
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what does the diencephalon develop into in adult?
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epithalamus
subthalamus thalamus hypothalamus mamillary bodies neurohypophysis pineal gland globus pallidus retina iris ciliary body CN II optic chiasm optic tract |
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what does the mesencephalon develop into in adult?
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midbrain
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what does the metencephalon develop into in adult?
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pons
cerebellum |
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what does the myelenceohalon develop into in adult?
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medulla
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what forms the filum terminale
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extension of pia mater
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what/where is the cauda equina
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collection of dorsal and ventral nerve roots that descend below the conus medularis
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what does the filum terminale do?
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anchors teh spinal cord to the coccyx
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what is rathke's pouch?
what does it develop into? |
evagination of ectoderm lining the roof of the primitive mouth
develops into the adenohypophysis |
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what does the neurohypophysis develop from?
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evagination of neuroectoderm from diencephalon (specifically from hyothalamus)
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where do the preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic arise from?
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neuroectroderm (from basal plate of neural tube)
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where do the postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons arise from?
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neural crest cells
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what are the CN that are parasympathetic/
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III, VII, IX, X
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what is spina bifida with rachischisis?
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failure for the posterior notocord to fuse at all
open neural tube lying on the surface of the back --> paralysis from level of defect, caudally |
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what is meningocele?
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protrusion of meninges through skull defect
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what is meningoencephalocele?
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meninges and brain protrude through defect in skull
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what is meningohydroencephalocele?
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meninges, brain and CSF protrud through defect in skull
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what is arnold-chiari malformation?
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protrusion of cerebellar tonsils and medulla oblongata through foramen magnum
--> compression of CN IX, X, XII |
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presentation of arnold-chiari malformation?
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stridor
dysphagia diminished gag reflex apnea vocal cord paralysis spastic dysphonnia |
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what is associated with arnold-chiari malformation?
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thoracolumbar meningomyelocele
platybasia (bone malformation of base of skull) malformation of occipitovertebral joint hydrocephalus |
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what causes the hydrocephalus seen in arnold-chiari malformation
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50% from aqueductal stenosis
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what are the 2 types of noncommunicating hydrocephalus?
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congenital aqueductal stenosis
dandy-walker syndrome |
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what causes congenital aqueductal stenosis?
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x linked trait
cmv toxo |
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what causes dandy walker syndrome?
what is seen |
atresia of foramina of lushe, magendie, or monro
dilation of 4th ventricle agenesis of cerebellar vermis occipital meningocele agenesis of splenium of corpus callosum |
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what is holoprosencephaly?
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prosencephalon fails to cleave down midline such that telencephalon contains singule ventricular cavity
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what is another name for holoprosencephaly/
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arhinencephaly
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what causes holoprosencephaly
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can be seen in patau syndrome
FAS |
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sx of tethered spinal cord
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weakness and sensory deficits in lower extremity
neurogenic bladder |
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what can be associated with tethered spinal cord
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lipomatous tumors
lipomyelomeningocele |
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is the alar plate sensory or motor?
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sensory
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is the basal plate sensory or motor?
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motor
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what is the sulcus limitans?
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separates the alar from the basal plate
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