Embryology Memorize

Front 1

Sinic hedgehog gene

Back 1

produced at base of limbs

Hint 1

involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis

Front 2

Wnt-7 gene

Back 2

produced at apical ectodermal ridge

Hint 2

necessary for proper organization of dorsal-ventral axis

Front 3

FGF gene

Back 3

produced in apical ectodermal ridge

Hint 3

stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing lengthening of limbs

Front 4

Homeobox gene

Back 4

involved in segmental organization

Front 5

Week 3

Back 5

gastrulation, primitive streak, notochord

Front 6

Week 4

Back 6

heart begins to beat, upper and lower limb buds begin to form

Front 7

Week 8

Back 7

fetus moves, looks like a real baby

Front 8

Week 10

Back 8

Genitalia have sex characteristics

Front 9

Surface ectoderm unique tissues

Back 9

lens; epithelium of oral cavity; sensory organs of ear, retina, olfactory epithelium; salivary, sweat, mammary glands, enamel, distal male urethra

Front 10

Neural crest unique tissues

Back 10

pia and arachoid, bones of skull, odontoblasts, laryngeal cartilage, aorticuopulmonary septum

Front 11

Mesoderm unique tissues

Back 11

spleen, serous linings of body cavities, CV structures, lymphatics, blood, urogenital structures, kidneys, adrenal cortex, dura mater

Front 12

Alkylating agents effect on fetus

Back 12

absence of digits, multiple anomalies

Front 13

Maternal diabetes effect on fetus

Back 13

caudal regression syndrome, transposition of the arteries, decrease in surfactant production, transient hypoglycemia

Front 14

Vitamin A effect on fetus

Back 14

spontaneous abortions, cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities

Front 15

MOA of Fetal Alcohol syndrome

Back 15

inhibition of cell migration due to disruption of retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog pathways

Front 16

Decidua role in imunosuppression of mother against fetus

Back 16

secretes prostaglandins to inhibit T-cells and prevent an immune response against the fetus

Front 17

Vitelline duct (omphalomesenteric duct)

Back 17

connects yolk sac and midgut and obliterates at 7th week

Hint 17

persistence of the vitelline duct leads to meconium discharge from umbilicus, or partial persistence becomes Meckel's diverticulum

Front 18

Urachus

Back 18

connects the bladder and the yolk sac

Hint 18

persistence of the urachus leads to urine discharge from umbilicus

Front 19

Right ventricle and smooth parts of left and right ventricle

Back 19

Bulbus cordis

Front 20

Portion of the left ventricle

Back 20

Primitive ventricle

Front 21

Trabeculated left and right atrium

Back 21

primitive atria

Front 22

Coronary sinus

Back 22

left horn of the sinus venosus

Front 23

Smooth part of right atrium

Back 23

Right horn of the sinus venosus

Front 24

SVC

Back 24

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

Front 25

Neural crest migration abnormalities

Back 25

persistent truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of fallot, transposition

Front 26

Neural tube defect markers

Back 26

Increased AFP and AChE

Front 27

Dandy-Walker malformation

Back 27

large posterior fossa, absent cerebellar vermis w/ cystic enlargement of the 4th ventricle

Hint 27

can lead to hydrocephalus and spina bifida

Front 28

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Back 28

Type 1: only cerebellar tonsils herniate through foramen magnum, usually asymptomatic, but can lead to hydrocephalus

Hint 28

Type 2: cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum w/ aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly. Often presents w/ syringomyelia, thoracolumbar myelomeningocele

Front 29

Treacher Collins syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis)

Back 29

abnormality of the 1st branchial arch neural crest cells to migrate -> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

Front 30

Congenital parhyngocutaneous fistula

Back 30

persistence of cleft and pouch leads to fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck

Front 31

2nd branchial pouch

Back 31

epithelial lining of palatine tonsils

Front 32

3rd branchial pouch

Back 32

Dorsal wings: inferior parathyroids

Hint 32

Ventral wings: thymus

Front 33

muscles of tongue

Back 33

derived from occipital myotomes

Hint 33

Genioglossus: protrudes tongue, palatoglossus: retracts and raises tongue to roof of mouth, hyoglossus: retracts and depresses tongue, styloglossus: elevates and retracts

Front 34

Diaphragm

Back 34

Derived from septum transversum (becomes central tendon), pleuroperitoneal folds, body wall, and dorsal mesentery of esophagus (becomes crura)

Hint 34

Abdominal herniation: incomplete development may lead to left posterior hernia w/ hypoplasia of thoracic organs due to space compression

Front 35

Vascular accident leading to apple peel atresia

Back 35

jejunal, ileal, colonic atresia

Front 36

Interim kidney for 1st trimester

Back 36

mesonephros

Front 37

Genes involved in early kidney development

Back 37

Lim2 and Pax-2

Front 38

Aortic branch and corresponding vertebral levels

Back 38

Celiac (T12), SMA (L1), renal artery (L1), testicular artery (L2), IMA (L3), Bifurcation of abdominal aorta (L4)

Front 39

Mesonephric duct

Back 39

develops into male internal structures: seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens

Front 40

Genital tubercle

Back 40

male: glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum

Hint 40

female: glans clitoris, vestibular bulbs

Front 41

Urogenital sinus

Back 41

Male: bulbourethral glands of Cowper, prostate gland

Hint 41

Female: greater vestibular glands of Bartholin, Urethral and paraurethral glands of Skene

Front 42

Urogenital folds

Back 42

Male: ventral shaft of penis

Hint 42

Female: labia moniora

Front 43

Labioscrotal swelling

Back 43

Male: scrotum

Hint 43

Female: Labia majora

Front 44

Epispadias

Back 44

due to faulty positioning of genital tubercle. Associated w/ bladder extrophy

Hint 44

as opposed to hypospadias, which is due to failure of the urethral folds to close