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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Parts of adult kidney
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Cortex, medulla, adrenal gland, collecting system, ureter
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Origin and derivatives of urogenital ridges
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Develops from intermediate mesoderm – between somites and lateral mesoderm
--> nephrogenic cord (urinary system) --> genital/gonadal ridge (genital system) |
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Parts of embryological kidneys
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Pronephros
Mesonephros Metanephros When does each appear/function? |
Pronephros - 4th wk, cervical nephrotomes, transitory and non-functional
Mesonephros - late in 4th wk Metanephros – 5th wk, 9th week functional; 12th week majority of amniotic fluid is fetal urine |
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What does the mesonephros consist of?
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nephrostomes --> glomeruli
mesonephric tubules mesonephric ducts (remnant of pronephros, opens into cloaca) What happens to the mesonephros? |
Degenerate at end of first trimester (except for some adult male derivatives)
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What are the parts of the metanephros? What structures in the adult kidney do they each form?
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1) Metanephric diverticulum
Aka ureteric bud Outgrowth > distal mesonephric duct Gives rise to ureters, renal pelvis, calices and collecting tubules 2) Metanephric mass of intermediate mesoderm Aka metanephrogenic blastema Gives rise to nephrons How do each develop? |
Metanephric diverticulum and metanephric mass (blastema) of intermediate mesoderm are interdependent
Reciprocal induction – induce each other |
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How does the ureteric bud develop?
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Undergoes branching:
Major calices – closer to renal pelvis Minor calices Collecting tubules What forms at collecting tubule? |
Nephron
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What is the nephron made of?
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Corpuscle (Kore-Pussel)
Bowman’s Capsule Glomerulus + capillaries PCT – proximal to where the filtration is occuring Loop of Henle - resorption DCT How does it form? |
Distal end of collecting tubule (from ureteric bud) induces metanephric vesicles (from blastema)
Metanephric vesicles elongate into metanephric tubules Distal end of metanephric tubule invaginated by glomerular capillaries |
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Fetal kidneys description; weeks of glomeruli proliferation? function?
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Lobular in appearance
Number of glomeruli increases until about 32-34 weeks gestation Glomerular filtration begins around week 9, GFR increases after birth |
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How do the kidneys change position during development?
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Initially in pelvis
“Ascend” into abdomen as caudal portion of embryo grows relative to cranial Ascent stops when kidneys reach adrenals Hilum of kidney rotates 90 degrees medially during “migration” What type of movement is this? How are the kidneys supplied blood |
actually just repositioned due to relative growth – if kidneys fuse they can get caught on the ureters during migration and obstruct them
As kidneys “ascend” branches involute and new arteries arise from aorta |
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How does the Urinary Bladder develop?
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Cloaca>>urorectal septum separates
-Rectum -Urogenital sinus UGS vesicle forms most of bladder: Epithelium: endoderm Outer layers: splanchnic mesoderm Initially continuous with allantois Ureters come from metanephros How the bladder move over development? |
Bladder is abdominal in children and pelvic after puberty
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Fate of the allantois
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Initially continuous with the bladder
Contributes to vesicle portion of bladder Constricts and becomes urachus Extends from dome of bladder to umbilicus Median umbilical ligament in adults |
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What does the urethra develop from?
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1) Endoderm:
Female: endoderm of urogenital sinus Male: Proximal-urogenital sinus, Distal-epithelial ingrowth from penis (glandular urethral plate) 2) Connective tissue/smooth muscle derrived from splanchnic mesoderm What happens if endoderm in urethra doesn't canalize properly? |
“Prune belly” syndrome
Only affects males Posterior urethral valves Same effects as renal agenesis |
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What do the adrenal glands develop from?
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Cortex develops from mesoderm, medulla develops from neural crest cells
When does this happen? |
Fetal cortex: 6th week
Intermediate mesoderm Adjacent to developing gonads Medulla: formed from migrating neural crest cells Adult cortex: surrounds fetal cortex |
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What are the layers of the adrenal gland?
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Medulla
Cortex (outer to inner layers): Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis What do they each produce? |
Medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine
Cortex (outer to inner layers) Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids=salt/fluid regulation, aldosterone) Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids=metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats, cortisol) Zona reticularis (sex steroid precursors) |
