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89 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What teratogen causes renal damage?
ACE i
What teratogen causes absence of digits?
Alkylating agents
What teratogen causes CN 8 toxicity?
aminoglycosides
What teratogen is associated with placental abruption?
Cocaine
What does DES exposure cause in a baby?
Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
What teratogen is associated with neural tube defects?
Folate antagonist
Teratogenic effects of lithium
Ebstein's anomaly (atrialized right ventricle)
Teratogenic effects of maternal diabetes
Caudal regression syndrome (sacral agenesis, anal atresia, leg paralysis)
macrosomia
hypoglycemia
Teratogenic effects of smoking
preterm labor
IUGR
ADHD
What teratogen causes discolored teeth?
Tetracyclines
What teratogen causes limb defects?
Thalidomide
What teratogenic effects does valproate have?
inhib intestinal folate absorption - leads to NTDs
What teratogenic effects does excess vit A cause?
spont abortions
birth defects
What teratogenic effects does warfarin cause?
bone deformities
fetal hem
abortion
What teratogens cause multiple anomalies?
X rays, anticonvulsants
What does the mesoderm develop into?
muscle, bone, CT
serous linings, spleen, cardiovasc, urogenital, kidney
What arises from the neural crest cells?
ANS, cranial nerves

melanocyte, parafollicular cells, odontoblasts, Schwann cells, Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
What does the surface ectoderm develop into?
Adenohypophysis, lens, mouth epith, epidermis, salivary/sweat/mammary glands
What does the neuroectoderm develop into?
CNS, retina
What is happening in week 2?
2 layers - epiblast, hypoblast
2 cavities- amniotic cavity, yolk sac
2 components to placenta- cytotrophoblast, sycytiotrophoblast
The umbilical vein and umbilical arteries become...
umbilical vein - ligamentum teres hepatis

umbilical artery - medial umbilical ligaments
The ductus arteriosus and ductus venosis become...
ductus arteriosus - ligamentum arteriosum

ductus venosis - ligamentum venosum
The foramen ovale becomes...
fossa ovalis
The allantois becomes the...
urachus (duct from bladder to yolk sac)
dev into median umbilical ligament

allaNtois - mediaN umbilical ligament
The notocord develops into the
nucleus pulposus
What does aortic arch 1 develop into?
maxillary artery (branch of external carotid)

1st arch is MAXimal
What does aortic arch 2 develop into?
stapedial and hyoid artery

Second = Stapedial
What does aortic arch 3 develop into?
common carotid and proximal part of internal carotid

3rd letter of alphabet is C
What does aortic arch 4 develop into?
on right, subclavian
on left, aortic arch

4th arch = 4 limbs = systemic
What does aortic arch 6 develop into?
proximal pulm arteries and ductus arteriosus
What does aortic arch 5 develop into?
trick question... nothing!
The prosencephalon develops into
telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon - thalami
The mesencephalon develops into
midbrain
The rhombencephalon develops into
metencephalon - pons, cerebellum

myelencephalon - medulla
What are the serum markers for NTDs?
high AFP and acetylcholinesterase in CSF
What is the process that is lacking in NTDs?
Neurospores fail to fuse

persistent connection b/w amniotic cavity and spinal canal
What is a meningocele?
meninges herniate through spinal canal defect
What is it called when meninges and spinal cord herniate through a spinal canal defect?
myelomeningocele
What are the markers of anencephaly?
high AFP

polyhydramnios (no swallowing center in brain)
What diseases are associated with holoprosencephaly?
Patau's (trisomy 13)
severe fetal alcohol syndrome
cleft lip/palate
What is Dandy Walker?
large posterior fossa

no cerebellar vermis

cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle - can lead to hydrocephalus and spinal bifida
What does syringomyelia typically occur?
C8-T1

upper extremity - low reflex
lower extremity - high reflex
Where do the different parts of the branchial apparatus arise from?
clefts = ectoderm
arches = mesoderm and NCC
pouches = endoderm

CAP
What are the cartilage and muscle derivatives of branchial arch 1?
cartilage: mandible, malleus, mandibular-spheno ligament, incus

muscles: muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, ant belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palitini, anterior 2/3 of tongue
What nerves are associated with the branchial arches?
1 - CN V2, V3
2 - CN 7
3 - CN 9
4 - CN 10 (sup laryngeal branch - swallowing)
6 - CN 10 (recurrent laryngeal branch - speaking)
What are the cartilage and muscle derivatives of branchial arch 2?
cartilage - stapes, styloid, stylohyoid ligaments, lesser horn of hyoid

muscle - muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric
What are the cartilage and muscle derivatives of branchial arch 3?
cartilage - greater horn of hyoid

muscle - stylopharyngeus
What arches form the tongue?
anterior 2/3 - arch 1
posterior 1/3 - arches 3 and 4
What are the cartilage and muscle derivatives of branchial arch 4 and 6?
cartilage : thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, coneiform

muscles :
4th - pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini

6th - all intrinsic larynx muscles except cricothyroid
The incus is from what branchial arch?
1
The mylohyoid is from what branchial arch?
1
The mandible is from what branchial arch?
1
The stapes is from what branchial arch?
2
The lesser horn of hyoid is from what branchial arch?
2
The posterior belly of digastric is from what branchial arch?
2
The stylopharyngeus is from what branchial arch?
3
The greater horn of hyoid is from what branchial arch?
3
The levator veli palatini is from what branchial arch?
4
The cricoid cartilage is from what branchial arch?
4
What does branchial cleft 1 develop into?
ext auditory meatus
What creates temporary cervical sinuses?
Branchial clefts 2-4

if persistent, leads to branchial cleft cyst in lateral neck
What creates the epithelial lining of palatine tonsils?
branchial pouch 2
What does the first branchial pouch develop into?
middle ear cavity
eustachian tube
mastoid air cells
tympanic membrane
What does branchial pouch 3 develop into?
inferior parathyroid glands
thymus
What do the superior parathyroids develop from?
branchial pouch 4
What CN control tongue taste?
pain
motor
taste 7, 9, 10
pain V3, 9, 10
motor 12
a midline cyst on the neck is most likely...
thyroglossal duct cyst
The diaphragm is derived from...
Septum transversum - central tendon
pleuroperitoneal folds
body wall
dorsal mesentery of esophagus
What do the foregut, midgut and hindgut develop into?
foregut - pharynx to duo

midgut - duo to transverse colon

hindcut- transverse colon to rectum
What happens when the abdominal wall fails to have:
rostral fold closure
lateral
caudal
rostral - sternal defects

lateral - omphalocele (w/ peritoneum), gastroschisis (guts hanging out w/o peritoneum)

caudal - bladder exstrophy
What happens to the abdominal cavity at week 6 and week 10?
week 6 - midgut herniates through umbilical ring

week 10 - guts return to abd cavity and rotate around SMA
What is the cause of a palpable olive in the epigastric area?
congenital pyloric stenosis

(usu in first born male)
How does the pancreas develop?
Ventral bud - becomes head, uncinate and pancreatic duct

dorsal bud - becomes everything else
What's an annular pancreas?
abnormal VENTRAL bud migration - encircles 2nd part of duodenum
What is a pancreas divisum?
ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8 weeks
How does kidney develop?
pronephros

mesonephros - temporary kidney, later contributes to male genital sys

metanephros
- mesonephros contributes ureteric bud (the collecting system)
- metanephric mesenchyme - ureteric bud helps differentiate this into glomerulus and tubules
Describe Potter's syndrome
bilat renal agenesis - oligohydramnios - limb/facial deform, pulm hypoplasia

cuz of ureteric bud problems
What does the wolffian duct develop into?
seminal vesicle
epididymis
ejaculatory duct
ductus deferens

SEED
What does the genial tubercle develop into?
male - penis, corpus cavernosum and spongiosum

female - clitoris, vestibular bulbs
What do the urogenital folds develop into?
male - penile urethra

female - labia minora
What do the urogenital sinuses develop into?
male - bulbourethral glands, prostate

female - Bartholin and Skene glands, also lower 2/3 of vagina
What fails to fuse in hypospadia and epispadia?
hypospadia - urethral folds

epispadia - faulty positioning of genital tubercle
What develops with processes vaginalis lesions?
hydrocele (connection b/w abd cavity and scrotum)
varicocele (dilated pampiniform plexus)
indirect inguinal hernia
How are the aorta and pulmonary trunk made?
NCC

if don't migrate properly, get Tetralogy of Fallot, Truncus Arteriosus or Transposition of Great Vessels
MCC of SI/colonic atresia?
vascular accident in utero

apple peel atresia- when mesentery is absent and bowel wraps around SMA
What are the possible causes of a high hCG?
multiple gestation
hydratidiform mole
choriocarcinoma
Downs
What are the complications of uncontrolled maternal HTN?
IUGR
placental abruption
What are the causes of polyhydramnios?
atresia
anencephaly
tracheoesophageal fistula
Downs syndrome markers
high hCG
low AFP