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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Each somite differentiates into which two parts?
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1) sclerotome-ventromedial part; vertebrae and ribs
2) dorsolateral part-dermomyotome; myoblasts |
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What does the ventromedial part in embryonic origin differentiate into?
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the vertebrae and ribs
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What does the dorsolateral part in embryonic origin differentiate into?
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myoblasts (or pre-muscle cells)
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What does mesodermal cells give rise to?
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mesenchyme
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What is mesenchyme?
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A mesh work of loosely organized embryonic CT
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How does bone/cartilage develop?
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1) mesodermal cells--> mesenchyme, a mesh work of loosely organized embryonic CT
2) Ossification occurs later-->bone |
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What are the two types of cartilage growth?
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1) interstitial growth
2) appositional growth |
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Which type of cartilage growth occurs mainly in immature cartilage?
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interstitial
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Which type of cartilage growth forms small groups of cells?
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interstitial growth, forms isogenic groups
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Where does appositional cartilage growth occur?
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in the perichondrium (chondrogenic layer)
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What are the two main forms of ossification?
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1) Intramembranous
2) Endochondrial |
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Which type of ossification forms both the skull and the bones of the face?
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intramembranous
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Which type of ossification is used by the majority of the skeleton (axial and appendicular)?
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Endochondrial
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What are the two major systems of bone?
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1) axial
2) appendicular |
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Which bone system consists of the skull, ribs, and sternum?
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axial
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Which bone system consists of shoulders, pelvis, limbs (a total of 126 bones)?
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appendicular
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Describe the three bone cell types.
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1) chondrocyte-mesenchymal origin
2) osteoblast-mesechymal origin 3) osteoclast-monocytic origin |
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Which bone cell type is of monocytic origin?
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Osteoclast
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specialized form of ossification form a mesenchymal membrane?
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intramembranous ossification
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What is Rickets?
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1) a disease occurring mainly in children who have vitamin D deficiency
2) deficiency causes disturbances of ossification of epiphysial cartilage plates 3) limbs are shortened and deformed (severe bowing of limbs) |
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How many births are affected by achondroplasia?
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1/15,000
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T/F. Achondroplasia is autosomal recessive disorder.
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FALSE; it is an autosomal dominant disorder.
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Which type of bone formation occurs in mesenchyme?
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Intramembranous ossification
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What are the types of bone forming cells?
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1) osteoprogenitor cells
2) osteoblast 3) osteocyte |
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Which bone-forming cells form periosteum and endosteum?
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osteoproenitor cells
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Which bone-forming cells secrete bone matrix and differentiate into osteocytes?
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osteoblast
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What bone-forming cells is a mature bone cell embedded into matrix?
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osteocyte
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type of bone formation occurs in mesenchyme that has formed a membranous sheath
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intramembranous ossification
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the majority of the skeleton is formed by what ossification process?
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endochondral ossification
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_____ derived from the bone collar replace cartilage matrix with a matrix rich in ____________, leading to bone formation.
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1) osteoblasts
2) type I collagen |
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How many ossification centers are there?
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primary, secondary
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Where does early ossification usually occur?
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at the ends of long bone
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When does limb ossification begin?
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at the end of the embryonic period
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What does limb ossification usually induce in the mother?
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high demands on the maternal supply of calcium and phosphorous; mothers are supposed maintain good levels for their health and the baby's
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Distinguish the diaphysis vs. the epiphysis at birth.
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Diaphysis-largely ossified
Epihphysis-still cartilage |
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Upon completion of growth, _________ is replaced by spongy bone
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epiphysial cartilage plate; this unites the epiphyses and diaphysis; no further elongation of bones occurs (20 years)
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At what age does no further elongation occur
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20 years old
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asymmetric growth impairment of vertebral bodies
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scoliosis
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brittle bone syndrome
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osteogenesis imperfecta, caused by abnormal collagen type 1
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What are some vertebra abnormalities?
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spina bifida, klippel-feil syndrome
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What are some rib abnormalities?
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accessory rib-extra rib cervical or lumbar uni or bilateral
short rib polydactyly syndrome pigeon chest-rib overgrowth funnel chest-sternum depression and lower costal cartilages |
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What are some causes of the small face in fetuses?
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1) lack of air sinuses
2) small jaw 3) underdeveloped facial bones |
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Differentiate between the three different types of muscle tissue.
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1) smooth muscle-originate from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
2) skeletal muscle-originate from paraxial mesoderm 3) cardiac muscle-originate from prechordal splanchnic mesoderm |
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In smooth muscle, what do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?
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myoblast, which contain a few filaments --> cells which will differentaite into mature smooth muscle cells
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the region of the somite that contributes skeletal muscle to the embryo body
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myotome
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What happens to musculoskeletal mass by the end of puberty?
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it doubles
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spinal nerve generally refers to what?
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a mixed spinal nerve, which carries motor, sensory and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body
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How many left-right pairs of spinal nerves do humans have?
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30
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each somite pair gives rise to what?
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a group of skeletal muscles supplied by a specific segmental spinal nerve
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Where does the muscle arise from? Where does the spinal nerve arise from?
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specific somite; specific level of spinal cord
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