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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The _________ induces the surface ectoderm to thicken, forming the neural plate.
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notochord
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The notocord induces the surface ectoderm to thicken, forming the _________.
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neural plate
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The neural plate is bounded laterally by elevations called ________.
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neural folds
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A median groove develops in the neural plate, allowing the neural folds to become apposed & subsequently fused to form ________.
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neural tube
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The closure begins in the future cervical region & extends cranially & caudally until 2 small openings called the __________ & __________ close.
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rostral & caudal neuropore
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During the fusion, a group of the cells are detached from the neural tube & differentiate into the _________ cells.
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neural crest
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What do neural crest cells contribute to?
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ganglia (sensory & autonomic)
neurolemma cells mesenchymal cells of the head chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla melanoblasts Pia mater & Arachnoid |
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The neural tube differentiates into the _______ (cranially & _________.
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brain
spinal cord |
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The epithelial lining of the neural tube is termed ________.
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neuroepithelium
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The neuroepithelium proliferates outward to form _______ & _______ (supporting cells).
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neuroblasts & gliablast
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The cell bodies of the neuroblast form the ________.
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mantle zone
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The outgrown processes of the neuroblast (axon & dendrites) form the _________.
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marginal zone
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The mantle & marginal zones of the neuroblast develop into _______ & _______.
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grey & white matter
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The gliablasts differentiate into ________ & _______.
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astrocytes & oligodendrocytes
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Microglia is ________ in origin.
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mesodermal
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The dorsal & ventral halves of the sulcas limitans are also called _______ & ________.
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dorsal- alar plate
ventral- basal plate |
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The _________ is a groove in the lateral wall of the neural tube that marks the division into dorsal & ventral halves.
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sulcus limitans
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The ______ plates of the sulcus limitans develop with combined alar & basal plates.
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lateral
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The alar plate of the sulcus limitans has _______, the basal plate has ________ & the lateral plate have ________ neurons.
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sensory
motor autonomic |
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The alar, basal & lateral plates of the sulcus limitans develop into the _______, _______, & ________ of the spinal cord.
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dorsal horns
ventral horns lateral horns |
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The ________ & _______ separate the white matter of the neural tube into funiculus.
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dorsal median septum
ventral median fissure |
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The dorsal median septum & ventral median fissure of the neural tube are formed seperating the white matter into ________, _________, & ________ funiculus.
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dorsal, ventral & lateral
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In the spinal cord, the cavity of the neural tube becomes the _______.
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central canal
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When the proliferation of the neuroepithelium ceases, it forms the _______, which lines the central canal.
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ependyma
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The ______ nerves are formed by the union of dorsal & ventral roots
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spinal
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The ______ (efferent or motor) composed of axons originating from the ventral horn.
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ventral root
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The ______ (afferent or sensory) has axons originating from unipolar neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (derived from the neural crest cells).
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dorsal root
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What are the 4 cell columns that are recognizable in the grey matter?
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somatic afferent
visceral afferent visceral efferent somatic efferent |
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somatic afferent is also known as _______.
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dorsal horn
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visceral afferent & visceral efferent are also known as ________.
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lateral or intermediate horn
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The somatic efferent portion of the neural tube is also called ________.
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ventral horn
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The caudal end of the spinal cord tapers to form _________.
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conus medullaris
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An arrangement including the conus medullaris & most of the caudal spinal nerves that pass obliquely is called ________.
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cauda equina
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Forebrain = __________
Midbrain = ___________ Hindbrain = ___________ |
prosencephalon
mesencephalon rhombencephalon |
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Where is the cervical flexure found?
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between the developing brain & spinal cord
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Where is the cranial flexure found?
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Midbrain (flexure)
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What are the 2 main parts of the prosencephalon?
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telencephalon
diencephalon |
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What are the derivatives of the telencephalon?
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olfactory bulb & cerebral hemisphere
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What cavity is associated w/ the telencephalon?
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lateral ventricle
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What cranial nerve innervates the telencephalon?
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first or olfactory
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What are the derivatives of the Diencephalon?
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epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
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What cavity is associated w/ the diencephalon?
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third ventricle
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What cranial nerve innervates the diencephalon?
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second or optic nerve
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What are the derivatives of the Mesencephalon?
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corpora quadrigemina, cerebral peduncles
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What cavity is associated w/ the mesencephalon?
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cerebral aqueduct
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What cranial nerves innervates the mesencephalon?
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occulomotor, trochlear
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What are the 3 parts of the rhombencephalon?
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metencephalon
pontine flexure myelencephalon |
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What are the derivatives of the Metencephalon?
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Pons & cerebellum
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What cranial nerves innervates the metencephalon?
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5th or trigeminal
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WHat is located between the metencephalon & myelencephalon
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pontine flexure
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What are the derivatives of the Myelencephalon?
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medulla oblongata
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What cranial nerves innervate the myelencephalon?
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6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th & 12th
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WHat cavity is associated with the myelencephalon?
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fourth ventricle
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______ & ____ are derived from the neural crest cells.
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piamater, arachnoid
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______ is derived from the surrounding mesoderm.
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duramater
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What are 5 abnormalities of the brain?
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spinal bifida
myeloschisis cerebellar hypoplasia hydrocephalus Anencephalus |
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What is myeloschisis?
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cleft in the spinal cord.
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_______ has a dual origin.
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hypophysis cerebri (pituitary Gland)
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What are the 2 origins of the pituitary gland?
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Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis |
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_________ develops from stomodeal ectoderm as a dorsal evagination, termed Rathke's pouch.
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Adenohypophysis
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Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) develops from stomodeal ectoderm as a dorsal evagination termed ________.
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Rathke's pouch
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_________ develops as a ventral downgrowth from the floor of the diencephalon, the infundibulum.
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neurohypophysis
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Neurohypophysis develops as a ventral downgrowth from the floor of the diencephalon, the _________.
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infundibulum
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The Rathke's pouch differentiates into _______, ________ & ________.
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pars distalis, pars media, pars tuberalis
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The neurohypophysis retains its connection with the hypothalamus & forms the ________.
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pars nervosa
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The adrenal cortex develops from the ________.
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intermediate mesoderm
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Adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells) develops from ________.
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neural crest cells (ectoderm).
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The __________ contributes to the retina & optic nerve
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neuroectoderm
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__________ contributes to the lens, lacrimal gland, corneal & conjunctival epithelium
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surface ectoderm
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The ________ develops from the developing forebrain (diencephlon) as a lateral outgrowth.
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optic vesicle
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The optic vesicle makes contact with the overlying ectoderm & induces it to thicken & form ________.
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lens placodes
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The optic vesicle invaginates to form a double walled _______ & develops choroid fissure for the passage of hyloid artery.
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optic cup
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The optic cup is connected to the forebrain by the optic stalk & this becomes the ________.
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optic nerve
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What connects the optic cup to the forebrain?
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optic stalk
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The two walls of the optic cup give rise to the pigmented & sensory layers of the _______.
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retina
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After the detachment of the lens vesicle, the surface ectoderm is reconstituted to form the __________.
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corneal epithelium
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Smooth muscle of the iris develops from the ________ at the margin of the optic cup
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ectoderm
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Occular muscles are developed from ________.
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paraxial mesoderm
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________ is failure of the choroidal fissure to close
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coloboma
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_________ is an abnormally small eye caused by a intra-uterine infection (toxoplasmosis)
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micro-opthalamia
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______ is the absence of an eye due to exposure of the mother to toxic chemicals during pregnancy
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Anopthalamia
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_______ = cloudiness of lens
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congenital cataracts
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Pharyngeal or branchial cleft is derived from ______.
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ectoderm
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Pharyngeal arches are derived from _______.
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mesoderm & neural crest
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Pharyngeal pouches are derived from ________.
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endoderm
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_________ are out-pocketings along the lateral wall of the most cranial part of the gut.
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pharyngeal pouches
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Name 4 derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches.
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*tympanic cavity & auditory tube
*Tonsillar fossa *parathyroid & thymus *ultimobranchial body gives rise to parafollicular cells |
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________ develops as a median endodermal downgrowth (thyroid bud) from the floor of the pharynx.
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thyroid gland
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The thyroid bud grows ventrally & caudally & becomes canalised to form _________
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thyroglossal duct
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The thyroglossal duct's point of origin from the floor of the pharynx can be recognized as the __________ of the tongue.
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foramen cecum
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The cells of the thyroid follicles are derived from the _________.
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endoderm
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The connective tissue components of the thyroid follicle are derived from _________.
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mesoderm
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The _______ are a series of grooves which demarcate the pharyngeal arches externally.
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pharyngeal clefts
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The first pharyngeal cleft forms the _______.
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external acoustic meatus
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Pharyngeal clefts 2, 3 & 4 form the ______ which normally regress & disappear.
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cervical sinus
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What is the skeleton, muscles & innervation for the first (mandibular)portion of the pharyngeal arch?
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Skeleton- Malleus, mandible, Incus
Muscles- mastification & digasticus Innervation- mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. |
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What is the skeleton, muscles & innervation for the second (Hyoid) portion of the pharyngeal arch?
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Skeleton- Hyoid apparatus (in part), Stapes
Muscles- facial expression, digastricus & stapedius Innervation- Facial nerve |
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What is the skeleton, muscles & innervation for the third portion of the pharyngeal arch?
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Skeleton-Hyoid apparatus (remaining part)
Muscles-Pharyngeal (in part) Innervation-Glossopharyngeal |
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What is the skeleton, muscles & innervation for the forth portion of the pharyngeal arch?
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Skeleton- most laryngeal cartilages
Muscles-Pharyngeal & laryngeal muscles Innervation-vagus,medullary & part of the accessory |
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The _______ develops from the first pharyngeal cleft.
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external acoustic meatus
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_______ develops from a number of swellings in the dorsal region of the pharyngeal arches 1 & 2 of the external ear.
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auricle
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First pharyngeal pouch of the middle ear gives rise to ________ & _______.
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auditory tube & tympanic cavity
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________ of the middle ear is the ectoderm of the first cleft plus endoderm of the first pouch
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tympanic membrane
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______ & _____ of the middle ear develop from first pharyngeal arch whereas stapes from second arch.
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malleus, incus
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The ________ of the inner ear is a thickening of the surface ectoderm at the level of the rhombencephalon
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otic placode
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The otic placode invaginates & detaches from the surface ectoderm to form the ________.
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otic vesicle or otocyst
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The otic vesicle develops into the __________ (utericle, saccule, endolymphatic duct, semicircular & cochlear duct).
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membrane labyrintgh
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The bony labyrinth develops from the chondrification & ossification of the surrounding ________.
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mesoderm
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______ is the branch of embryology concerned with the study of malformations.
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Teratology
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What are the 2 causes of the study of teratology?
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genetical
environmental |
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What is a cause of genetical teratology?
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It is caused by mutation or by inheritance of dominant or recessive genes, inbreeding may produce genital defect.
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What is a cause of environmental teratology?
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physical agents
chemical agents drugs infectious agents |
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What is a physical agent that may cause environmental teratology?
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xrays
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What is a chemical agent that may cause environmental teratology?
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vitamin a deficiency
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What is a drug that may cause environmental teratology?
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thalidomide in pupd
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What is an infectious agent that may cause environmental teratology?
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panleukopenia virus in kittens
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The thyroid gland is derived from ______.
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ectoderm
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What is the derivative of the first pharyngeal pouch?
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tympanic cavity & auditory tube
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What is the derivative of the second pharyngeal pouch?
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tonsillar fossa
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What is the derivative of the third pharyngeal pouch?
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parathyroid & thymus
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What is the derivative of the fourth pharyngeal pouch?
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parathyroid & thymus
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What is the derivative of the fifth pharyngeal pouch?
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ultimobranchial body which gives rise to the parafollicular cells.
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What derivative indifferent stage of the genital system originate from intermediate mesoderm?
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mesonephric tubules
mesonephric duct paramesonephric duct |
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What derivative indifferent stage of the genital system originate from endoderm?
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urogenital sinus
-Vesical part -pelvis part -phallic part |
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What derivative indifferent stage of the genital system originate from ectooderm?
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urachus
gebernaculum urogenital fold genital swelling genital tubercle |
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What is the male & female derivative of the mesonephric tubules?
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M-efferent ductules
F-vestigeal structures |
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What is the male & female derivative of the mesonephric duct?
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M-epididymus, ductus deferens,vesicular gland
F-vestigeal structures |
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What is the male & female derivative of the paramesonephric duct?
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M-vestigeal structures & uterus masculinus
F-Uterine tube, uterus & vagina (partly) |
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What is the male & female derivative of the urogenital sinus (vesicle part)?
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M/F-urinary bladder
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What is the male & female derivative of the urogenital sinus (pelvic part)?
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M-pelvic urethra, prostate
F-urethra, vagina (caudal) |
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What is the male & female derivative of the urogenital sinus (phallic part)?
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M-penile urethra
F-vestible |
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What is the male & female derivative of padent urachus?
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M-bulbourethral gland
F-vestibular gland |
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What is the male & female derivative of the urachus?
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M/F-medial ligament of the bladder
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What is the male & female derivative of the gebernaculum?
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M-Ligament of the testis & epididymus
F-round ligament of the uterus |
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What is the male & female derivative of the urogenital fold?
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M-urethral fold of the penile urethra
F-labial minora |
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What is the male & female derivative of genital swelling?
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M-scrotum
F-labia |
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What is the male & female derivative of genital tubercle?
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M-penis
F-clitoris |
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The remaining fibrous (sclera) and vascular (choroid) coats develops by local condensation of the ___________.
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mesoderm
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