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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Name the 3 periods of pre-natal development.
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Pre-implantation
Embryonic Fetal |
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When does pre-implantation occur?
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1st week
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When is the embryonic period and what happens?
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2nd week to the end of 8th week. Major development of body structure, cells change into tissues and organs (differentiate), and cells form systems (integrate)
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ends at week 8
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What are the 3 embryonic layers and when are they formed?
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Ectoderm
Mesoderm Endoderm |
formed at week 3
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Explain ectoderm
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Outer layer that forms the brain, spinal cord, skin and appendages, enamel, and lining of oral cavity
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outer layer
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Explain mesoderm.
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Middle layer that forms bones, muscles, circ. system, kidneys, ducts, reproductive system, abdominal lining, dentin, pulp, cementum
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dentin, pulp, and cementum are formed
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Explain endoderm.
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Inner layer that forms the digestive system lining, lining of lungs, parts of the urogenital system.
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Inner layer
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When does the 1st pair of brachial arches get formed?
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week 4
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What is the 1st brachial arch comprised of?
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bones, muscles, nerves, lower lip, masticatory process, anterior of alveolar process
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What is another name for the 2nd brachial arch?
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Hyoid
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What is the 2nd brachial arch, or hyoid, comprised of?
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stapes of ear, styloid process (forms base of temporal), side and front of neck, muscles of facial expression (MOBZ)
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MOBZ - Mentalis, orbicularis oris, buccinator, and zygomatic
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The palate forms in 3 stages, what are they?
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Primary palate
Secondary palate Fusion |
any disruption may result in a cleft lip or palate
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When is the hard and soft palate differentiated?
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week 5 to 8 (primary dentin has begun, number of teeth, and arrangement)
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When is the fetal period and what happens?
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week 9 to 38. Systems continue growth, fetus is less vulnerable to malformation
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What is odontogenesis?
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The life cycle of a tooth.
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What are the 3 stages of odontogenesis?
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1. Grow
2. Calcification 3. Eruption |
Odontogenesis is the life cycle of a tooth.
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Explain the bud stage of tooth growth.
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-Tooth pattern is formed
-dental lamina makes curves in each arch for the buds of primary teeth -by week 17 all 20 primary teeth are formed |
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Explain the cap stage of tooth growth.
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Cells increase and grow to different steps and sizes depending on the tooth
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Explain the bell stage of tooth growth.
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Epithelial cells become ameoblasts
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Ameoblasts are enamel forming cells.
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Peripheral cells become ________________.
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odontoblasts
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Odontoblasts are dentin forming cells.
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Inner cells of the dental sac become _______________.
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cementoblasts
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What is morphodifferentiation?
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the process where the basic shape and size of each tooth is established.
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The dentoenamel junction(DEJ) and the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) are formed.
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What is calcification?
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The hardening of material.
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A _____ is the point where 2 developmental grooves cross over.
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Pit
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A _________ is the incomplete joining of the lobes during development.
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Fissure
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What is eruption?
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The movement of teeth into the functional position in the oral cavity.
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All teeth (primary and permanent) erupt, but only the primary teeth ___________.
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Exfoliate
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Natural shedding
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What teeth erupt at about
6 to 10 months? |
Upper and lower centrals.
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What teeth erupt at 7 to 10 months?
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Lower laterals
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What teeth erupt at 9 to 12 months?
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Upper laterals
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What teeth erupt at 12 to 18 months?
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Upper and lower 1st molars.
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What teeth erupt at 16 to 22 months?
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Upper and lower canines.
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What teeth erupt at 20 to 32 months?
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Lower 2nd molars.
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What teeth erupt at 24 to 32 months?
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Upper 2nd molars.
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What teeth exfoliate at 6 to 7 years?
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Upper and lower centrals.
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What teeth exfoliate at 7 to 8 years?
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Upper and lower laterals.
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What teeth exfoliate at 9 to 11 years?
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Upper and lower 1st molars.
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What teeth exfoliate at 9 to 12 years?
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Lower canines.
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What teeth exfoliate at 10 to 12 years?
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Upper canines and upper and lower 2nd molars.
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What teeth erupt at 6 to 7 years?
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Upper and lower 1st molars and lower centrals.
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What teeth erupt at 7 to 8 years?
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Upper centrals and lower laterals.
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What teeth erupt at 8 to 9 years?
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Upper laterals.
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What teeth erupt at 9 to 10 years?
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Lower canines.
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What teeth erupt at 10 to 12 years?
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Upper and lower 1st and 2nd pre-molars.
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What teeth erupts at 12 to 13 years?
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Upper and lower 2nd molars and upper canines.
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What teeth erupt at 17 to 21 years?
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Upper and lower 3rd molars. (wisdom teeth)
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What are succedaneous teeth?
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Permanent teeth that replace the primary teeth.
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What are the non-succedaneous teeth?
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1st, 2nd, and 3rd upper and lower molars.
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What is micrognathia?
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An abnormally small jaw. (usually results in a Class 2 occlusion)
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What is macrognathia?
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An abnormally large jaw. (usually results in a Class 3 occlusion)
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What is microdontia?
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Abnormally small teeth.
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What is macrodontia?
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Abnormally large teeth.
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May affect all of the teeth, or just two - usually the upper centrals.
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What are supernumary teeth?
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Teeth in excess of 32.
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What is dens in dente?
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"Tooth within a tooth" (a cluster of enamel and dentin in the pulp)
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What are pegged-shaped associated with?
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Also known as Hutchinson's Incisors. Associated with maternal syphillis.
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What is fusion?
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When the dentin and enamel of one tooth are joined with 2 or more = reduced number of teeth in the arch.
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What is gemination?
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When a tooth bud tries to divide and when it fails, the result is an incisal notch.
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What is amelogenesis imperfecta?
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Defects in the enamel formation formation (hereditary)
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Define hypocalcification.
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Incomplete hardering of the enamel.
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Define attrition.
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The normal wearing away of tooth structure. The first sign of attrition is the wearing of mamelons.
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Define abrasion.
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Abnormal wearing of teeth.
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Can be caused by brushing too hard.
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Define impaction.
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Tooth remains unerupted.
Causes: -premature loss of baby teeth -developing tooth shifts horizontally -teeth shifts because of other tooth in space or lack of jaw space or large crowns. |
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Define bruxism.
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Involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth.
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What is erosion?
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Wearing of lingual surfaces caused from stomach acids; usually seen in those with bulimia.
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What can various head/neck infections be caused by?
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Orofacial piercings.
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Define exostoses.
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Also known as tori or torus.
In plate - torus palatinus Lower lingual - torus mandibularis (near the premolar/molar area) Both are benign bony overgrowths. |
May become uncomfortable when:
-obtaining impressions -getting a denture to fit comfortably (dr may have to remove them) |
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Describe cleft lip.
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When the maxillary and medial nasal processes do not fuse.
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Describe cleft palate.
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When the palatal shelves do not fuse with the primary plate (incisive papilla area)
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Describe cleft uvula.
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Covered with mucous membrane and looks like a bony projection in the center or middle of the hard palate.
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Define ankylglossia.
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"tongue-tie" A short lingual frenum is extended to the tip (apex) of the tongue.
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Define glossitis.
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General term for inflammation of the tongue.
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Describe pernicious anemia.
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The body is not able to absorb vitamin B12 (ie seafood, meats, milk)
S&S: anemia, pallor, fatigue, nausea, diahhrea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite. |
Oral manifestations:
-burning tongue -mucosal ulceration -loss of papillae -angular cheilitis (ulcers, redness at corners of lips) |
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Define fissured tongue.
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Tongue appears to have deep grooves on dorsum. May be caused from vitamin deficiency or chronic trauma.
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What is a geographic tongue?
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Loss of filiform papillae. Results in smooth patches. More common in women.
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Define black hairy tongue.
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After antibiotics, papillae are elongated (due to oral flora imbalance)and become stained with food, tobacco, etc.
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What is atrophic candidias?
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After broad spectrum of antibiotics, mouth feels like its been burned; antifungal therapy should clear it in 14 days.
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Define candidias (of soft tissue)
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Most common oral-fungal infection. Initial clinical manifestation in pts with AIDS.
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Causes: antibiotic therapy, xerostomia, weak immune system.
S&S: pain, discomfort, halitosis, dysgeusia (distorted sense of taste) |
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What is morphology?
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The study of the shape and form of teeth.
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Which tooth has the longest root?
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Cuspids (also known as canines)
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Name the 5 tooth surfaces.
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Occlusal (incisal)vestibular, labial, facial), lingual, mesial, distal
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Where is the greater palatine foramen?
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On either side of the soft palate.
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Where is the incisive foramen?
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Under the incisive papilla.
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What is histology?
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The study of the structure and function of the teeth and oral tissue.
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Describe the crown of the tooth.
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Dentin and pulp covered by enamel.
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Describe the root.
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Has dentin and pulp covered by cementum.
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What is the anatomic crown?
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Part of the tooth that is covered by enamel.
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What is the clinical crown?
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Part of the tooth that is visible.
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The root is usually embedded in the _________ ___________.
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alveolar process
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What is bifurcation and trifurcation?
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Bifurcation is the division into 2 roots. Trifurcation is the division into 3 roots.
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Define apex.
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The tapered end of each root.
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Where is the apical foramen?
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At the opening of each root apex.
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Define the periapical area.
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Consists of anything surrounding the apex.
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Name the tissues of the tooth.
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Enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum
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There are 4 tissues.
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Describe enamel.
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-makes up the anatomic crown
-hardest material in the body -crushing strength of 100,000 psi. -formed by ameloblasts -96-99% inorganic, 1-4% organic -composed of prisms (enamel rods) |
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Describe dentin.
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-makes up bulk of tooth
-covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root. -supports the enamel -formed by odontoblasts -contain dental tubules -capable of continued growth and repair |
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What are the types of dentin?
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Primary-formed before eruption
Secondary-formed after eruption and continues slowly Tertiary-reparative, formed in response to irritation |
There are 3 types.
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Describe pulp.
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-inner portion of the tooth pulp chamber
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Define coronal pulp.
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Pulp that is in the crown.
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Define radicular pulp.
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Pulp in the root portion. Made up of nerves and blood vessels.
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What are fibroblasts?
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Cells that form the pulpal tissue
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Describe cementum.
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-rigid (bone-like) connective tissue
-covers the root -NOT shiny -formed by cementoblasts |
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What is the difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
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Clasts resorb bone and blasts build bone.
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What is the periodontium divided into?
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Attached apparatus (cementum, alveolar process, and periodontal ligaments)
Gingival unit (lining mucosa, masticatory mucosa, and specialized mucosa) |
There are 2 units of division.
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