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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Sonic Hedgehog gene responsible for
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Involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis
**zone of polarizing activity** |
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What is FGF gene responsible for
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stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm. provides the lengthening of limbs
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What is Homeobox gene responsible for
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segmental organization
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What is Wnt-7 Gene responsible for
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proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis
**apical ectodermal ridge** |
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during what weeks does organogenesis take place
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3-8
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What week does the fetus look like a baby
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8
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What does the Alar plate control
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Sensory
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What does the Basal plate control
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Motor
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What are the rules of 2's during the second week
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2 Germ layers (epiblast, hypoblast)
2 cavities (amniotic, yolk sac) 2 placenta componets (cyto, and syncytiotrophoblast) |
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What are the rule of 3's during the 3rd week
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3 germ layers
**ecto, meso, endo** |
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What are the rules of 4's during the 4th week
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4 Heart chambers
4 limb buds |
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What are the dangers during weeks 3-8?
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HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO TERATOGENS
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in mesodermal defects what does VACTERL stand for
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Vertebral defects
Anal atresia Cardiac defects Trachio-Esophageal fistula Renal Defects Limb Defects |
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What teratogenic effect does ACE inhibitors have
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Renal Damage
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What teratogenic effect does Alcohol have
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Leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation
**fetal alcohol syndrome** |
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What teratogenic effect does Alkylating agents have
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Absence of digits, multiple anomalies
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What teratogenic effect does Aminoglycosides have
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CN VIII toxicity
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What teratogenic effect does Cocaine have
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Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction
**placental abruption** |
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What teratogenic effect does Diethylstilbestrol have
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Vaginal clear cell
Adenocarcinoma |
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What teratogenic effect does Folate antagonists have
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Neural tube defects
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What teratogenic effect does Iodide have (lack or excess)
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Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism
**createnism** |
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What teratogenic effect does Lithium have
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Ebsteins anomaly
**atrialized right ventricle** |
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What teratogenic effect does maternal diabetes have
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Caudal regression syndrome
** anal atresia to sirenomelia** |
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What teratogenic effect does smoking (nicotine, CO) have
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preterm labor , placental problems
**IUGR, ADHD** |
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What teratogenic effect does Tetracyclines have
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Discolored teeth
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What teratogenic effect does Thalidomide have
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Limb Defects
**flipper limbs** |
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What teratogenic effect does Valproate have
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Inhibition of intestinal folate absorption
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What teratogenic effect does Vitamin A have
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Extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects
** cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities** |
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What teratogenic effect does Warfarin have
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Bone deformities Fetal hemorrhage, abortion
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What is the leading cause of congenital malformations in the united states
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Alcohol
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What is a meckels diverticulum
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It is a vitelline fistulla where meconium passes out of the umbilicus
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What does the truncus arteriosis give rise to
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Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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What does the bulbus cordis give rise to
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right ventricle and smooth parts of the left and right ventricle
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What does the primitive ventricle give rise to
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Portion of the left ventricle
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What does the Primitive atria give rise to
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Trabeculated left and right atrium
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What does the left horn of the sinus venosus give rise to
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Coronary sinus
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What does the right horn of the sinus venosus give rise to
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smooth part of the right atrium
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what does the right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to
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Superior vena cava
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What is the pathology of the formation of transposition of great vessels, and tetrology of fallot arise from
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Neural crest migration problem.
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Where does fetal erythropoiesis take place
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**young liver synthesises blood**
Yold sack (3-8wk) Liver (6-30wk) Spleen (9-28wk) Bone (28 on ) |
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The umbilical vein becomes the
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Ligamentum teres hepatis
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the Umbilical Arteries become the
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Medial umbilical ligaments
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The ductus arteriosis becomes the
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ligamentum arteriosum
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The Ductus venosus becomes the
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ligamentum venosum
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The foramen ovale becomes the
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Fossa Ovalis
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The Allantiois becomes the
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Urachus
Median umbilical ligament |
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The notochord becomes the
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nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk
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First aortic Arch becomes
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Maxillary artery (branch off external carotid)
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The second aorti arch becomes
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Stapedial artery and hyoid artery
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The 3rd aortic arch becomes
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common corotid artery and proximal part of the internal carotid artery
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the 4th aortic arch becomes
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on left aortic arch,
on right proximal part of right subclavian artery |
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the 6th aortic arch becomes
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the proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus
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What are the 5 divisions of the brain
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Prosencephalon **Telencephalon, Diencephalon**
Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon **Metencephalon, Myelencephalon** |
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What is Arnold-Chiari type I
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Cerebellar tonsills herniate through foramen magnum
Mostly asymptomatic MOST COMMON |
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What is Dandy-Walker
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Large posterior fossa, absent cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargment of 4th ventrical
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What is syringomyelia
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a split in the spinal cord.
C8-T1 ***bilat loss of pain and temp with touch ok*** **often seen with arnold-chiari** |
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Arch 1-4 and 6 are associated with what actions
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1. chewing (CN V)
2. facial expression (CN VII) 3. stylopharyngeus (CN IX) 4. Swallowing (CN X) 6. Speaking ( CN X) |
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What does the 1st pouch develope into
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middle ear cavity, eustatian tubes
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What does the 2nd pouch develope into
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palatine tonsils
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What does the 3rd pouch develope into
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inferior parathyroids
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What does the 4th pouch develope into
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superior parathyroids
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What is the disease that occurs due to aberrant development of the 3rd and 4th pouches
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Degeorge syndrome
**thymic aplasia, hypocalcemia** |
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What CN control taste
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CN VII (anterior 2/3)
CN IX (posterior 1/3) CN X ( way back in throat) |
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What CN control Pain in the tongue
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CN V3
CN IX, X |
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What CN controls movement of the tongue
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CN XII
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Cleft lip is due to
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failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes
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Cleft palate is due to
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failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes and nasal septum
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What is Gastroschisis
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Failure of lateral body folds to fuse
**no abs extrusion of abdominal contents no covering** |
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What is a omphalocele
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Obdominal herniation of guts into the umbilical cord coverd by peritoneum.
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What is the most common tracheoesophageal fistula
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is the Upper Blind esophagus with lower esophagus connected to trachea.
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what is formed from the urogenital folds
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labia minora
ventral shaft of penis |
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what is formed from the urogenital sinus
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Prostate gland, bulbourethral glands (cowper)
Urethral and paraurethral glands of skene, greater vestibular gland of bartholin |
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The posterior pituitary is derived from what part of the brain
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Dienchephalon
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What is the problem when a newborn has polyhydraminose, obstruction and bileous vomiting
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Duodenal atresia
Also the double bubble sign ***highly associated with downs syndrome** |
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What is used to describe a diaphragmatic hernia
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Scaphoid abdomen, and respiratory distress
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What developes at the Foramen Cecum
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The thyroid gland. then it moves down through the thyroid duct.
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What are the symptoms of Arnold-Chairi type II
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More often symptomatic Downward displacement of cerebellar vermis and medulla through foramen magnum obstructive hydrocephaly Frequent association with ***syringomyelia***
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Adrenal cortical hyperplasia causes what
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Virilization of female genitelia (enlarged clitoris in a 46XX person
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A 46XY genotype with a Female phenotype has a short vagina, no ovaries or uterus and has testes in the inguinal canal or abdomen is caused by what
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a mutation in the androgen receptor gene
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The umbilical arteries are derived from what structure?
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The internal iliac arteries
after birth they turn into the mediaL umbilical ligament |
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What is necrotizing enterocolitis
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it is a bad infection of the GI tract on low birth weight babys who start on solid foods.
They have tissue necrosis due to immature gut and bacteria overgrowth ***most common neonate GI emergency*** |
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What are the symptoms of a septum secundum defect
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shows up in 10+ age, found with exercise intolerance,
and has a systolic ejection murmur with a split fixed S2 |
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The metanephric duct induces the mesonephros to form what
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The kidneys
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What is formed from the 1st pharangeal cleft
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external auditory meatus
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what is formed from the 2-4th pharengeal cleft
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tempory cervical sinuses, they are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch.
****persistant cervical sinus = branchial cleft cyst within laterl neck**** |
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List the tissue derrived from Neuroectoderm
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**Brain**
Neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland, retina, spinal cord ****think CNS and Brain**** |
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What is the main tissue derrived from Neural crest
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All PNS and NON neural structures nearby **teeth**
Adrenal medulla |
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What tissue is derived from endoderm
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Thymus, parathyroid,thyroid follicular cells, gut tube
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What tissue is derived from mesoderm
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Adrenal cortex is main one
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