Embryology

Front 1

Teratogenic effect of alcohol

Back 1

Most common cause of birth defects and mental retardation, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Front 2

Teratogenic effect of ACE Inhibitors

Back 2

Renal Damage

Front 3

Teratogenic effect of Cocaine

Back 3

Abnormal development, addiction, and ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE

Front 4

Teratogenic effect of Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Back 4

Vaginal adenocarcinoma (clear cell carcinoma of vagina)

Front 5

Teratogenic effect of Iodine deficiency

Back 5

Cretinism - short stature & mental retardation. #1 cause of MR worldwide. Also hypothyroidism

Front 6

Teratogenic effect of iodine excess

Back 6

Congenital Goiter or hypothyroidism

Front 7

Teratogenic effect of excess vitamin A

Back 7

VERY HIGH RISK for spontaneous abortions, and birth defects primarily cardiac abnormalities and cleft palate

Front 8

Teratogenic effect of thalidomide

Back 8

Limb defects ("flipper limbs"), also can be born without limbs, or with extra appendages

Front 9

Teratogenic effect of smoking

Back 9

Preterm Labor, placental problems, ADHD, Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) (smaller than normal size for baby)

Front 10

Teratogenic effect of Radiation

Back 10

Multiple anomalies

Front 11

Teratogenic effect of Warfarin

Back 11

Bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, ABORTION

Front 12

Teratogenic effect of Tetracyclines

Back 12

Discolored Teeth

Front 13

Teratogenic effect of alkylating agents

Back 13

Absence of digits/multiple other abnormalities.
Key alkylating agents to know:
Cisplatin, other -platins used for cancer
cyclophosphamide - used for hemolytic anemia, wegener's, and SLE

Front 14

Teratogenic effect of Aminoglycosides

Back 14

CN VII toxicity

Front 15

Teratogenic effect of Folate antagonists

Back 15

Neural tube defects

Front 16

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 16

Leading cause of malformations in US, requires significant intake. Effects: retardation, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly (spectrum of brain & face development abnormalities), limb disloaction, heart & lung fistulas. Mechanism: inhibition of cell migration

Front 17

What determines if monozygotic twins will be conjoined or not?

Back 17

Timing of the division of zona pellucida. If ZP divides after day 8, then there is a high risk of conjoined twins. if divides between 3 and 8 days, 1 chorion, 2 amniotic sacs, and if it divides before 3 days, 2 chorions and 2 amniotic sacs. MONOZYGOTIC TWINS ALWAYS SHARE A PLACENTA. Dizygotic twins always have own placenta, chorion, and amniotic sac.

Front 18

Cytotrophoblast

Back 18

Inner layer of chorionic villi

Front 19

Synctiotrophoblast

Back 19

outer layer of chorionic villi. Secretes hCG which is used in pregnancy testing and also to stimulate LH receptors so that corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone.

Front 20

Bulbus Cordis

Back 20

Aortic and Pulmonary Outflow tracts in left and right ventricle. Begins as most superior part of heart tube and moves inferiorly, anteriorly, and to the right in heart development.

Front 21

Truncus arteriosus

Back 21

Gives rise to aorta and pulmonary trunk

Front 22

Primitive Ventricle

Back 22

Becomes most of left ventricle.

Front 23

Primitive Atria

Back 23

Gives rise to trabeculated parts of right and left atria (most inferior and anterior portions)

Front 24

Left Horn of Sinus Venosus

Back 24

Coronary Sinus

Front 25

Right horn of Sinus Venosus

Back 25

Smooth, superior and posterior part of right atrium

Front 26

Right common and Right anterior cardinal veins

Back 26

Superior vena cava

Front 27

1st Aortic Arch becomes...

Back 27

Maxillary artery

Front 28

2nd Aortic Arch Becomes...

Back 28

Stapedial artery & hyoid artery

Front 29

3rd Aortic Arch becomes...

Back 29

Carotids (Common and proximal part of internal)

Front 30

4th Aortic Arch Becomes...

Back 30

Right: Right subclavian artery
Left: Aortic Arch

Front 31

6th Aortic Arch Becomes...

Back 31

Right: Trunk of Right Pulmonary Artery
Left: Ductus arteriosus

Front 32

Telencephalon becomes...

Back 32

Cerebral hemispheres
Cavities: Lateral Hemispheres

Front 33

Diencephalon becomes...

Back 33

Thalamus/hypothalamus
Cavities: 3rd Ventricle

Front 34

Mesencephalon becomes..

Back 34

Midbrain
Cavities: Aqueduct of Sylvius/cerebral aqueduct

Front 35

Metencephalon becomes...

Back 35

Pons and Cerebellum
Cavities: 4th Ventricle

Front 36

Myencephalon becomes...

Back 36

Medulla

Front 37

Neural Tube Defects

Back 37

Associated with low folic acid intake during pregnancy. Check amniotic fluid and maternal blood for ELEVATED ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN levels

Front 38

Spina bifida occulta

Back 38

failure of bony spinal canal to close. Normally seen at lower vertebral levels. DURA is INTACT, no structural herniation. Physical sign: tuft of hair on lower back

Front 39

Meningocele

Back 39

Meninges herniate through spinal canal defect. More severe than spina bifida oculta, less severe than meningomyelocele.

Front 40

Meningomyelocele (myelomeningocele)

Back 40

Meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal canal defect. Most severe form of spina bifida.

Front 41

Spina bifida

Back 41

Range of spinal canal defects from spina bifida oculta to myelomeningocele.

Front 42

Anencephaly

Back 42

No brain/calvarium. Malformation of anterior end of neural tube. Elevated AFP and polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid).

Front 43

Holoprosencephaly

Back 43

Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline. Results in cylcopia. Associated with Patau's syndrome (trisomy 13) and severe fetal alcohol syndrome.