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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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implantation
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1 week
day 6-7 as blastocyst |
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week 2
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2 germ layers: bilaminar disk (epiblast, hypoblast)
2 cavities: amniotic cavities, yolk sac 2 components of placenta: cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast |
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week 3
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3 germ layers (gastrula): ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
come from epiblast , not hypoblast neuraxis formation |
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week 1
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oocyte gets fertilized within 12-24 h after ovulation
forms zygote at 30h its 2 cells at 3 days its a morula then it becomes a blastocyst (outer and inner cell mass) and implants at day 6-7 |
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primitive streak
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invagination of epiblast during week 3.
cells from this streak give rise to mesoderm and endoderm |
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week 4
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4 heart chambers (heart starts beating)
4 limb buds grow |
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Neuraxis formation? when?
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days 18-21, during week 3
neural plate-> neural fold-> neural tube neural plate is induced by underlying mesoderm (notocord) to invaginate and become the neural tube |
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what does the neural crest cells become?
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schwann cells
neuroblasts (sensory, sympathetic, motor neurons) melanoblasts ectomesencymal cells (cimentoblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, odontoblasts) |
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paraxial mesoderm becomes?
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somites
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intermediate mesoderm becomes?
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urogenital system
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surface ectoderm derivatives
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adenohypophysis
lens of eye epithelium lining of skin, ear, nose, eye epidermis |
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neuroectoderm derivatives
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neurohypophysis
cns neurons oligodendrocytes astrocytes ependymal cells pineal gland |
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neural crest derivatives
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ans
dorsal roog ganglia melanocytes chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla enterochromaffin cells pia arachnoid celiac ganglion schwann cells odontoblasts parafollicular C cells of thyroid laryngeal cartilage bones of skull |
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endoderm derivatives
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gut epithelium and derivatives (lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)
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mesoderm derivatives
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dura mater
connective tissue muscle bone cardiovascular structures lymphatics, blood urogenital structures serous lining of body cavities spleen adrenal cortex kidneys |
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notocord
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part of mesoderm that induces overlying ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate)
becomes nucleus pulposis |
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mesodermal defects
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VACTERL
V=verterbal defect A=anal atresia C=cardiac defects TE=TE fistula R=renal defects L=limb defects |
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hCG
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secreted by syncytiotrophoblast
stimulates progesterone secretion by corpus luteum (maintains it) until about week 8 when the placenta takes over progesterone production can be assayed at around day 8 in maternal blood or day 10 in maternal urine |
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elevated hCG
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multiple pregnancy
hydatidiform mole choriocarcinoma |
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low hCG
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spontanrous abortion
ectopic pregnancy |
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CEA
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elevated in:
colorectal cancer breast cancer etc |
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AFP
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elevated in:
hepatoma germ cell cancers neural tube defects low in downs |
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CA 125
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ovarian cancer
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B2-microglobulin elevated
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lymphoma
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when does fetus have human appearance
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week 8
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Hox (homesbox) genes
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control basic segmentation of embryo in craniocaudal direction
control transcription |
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Chordoma
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tumor (benin or malignant) arising from notocord
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How old is embryo when women usually realize they are preg?
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about 2 weeks old, because usually figure it out after 1st missed period (coinciding with week 3)
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Oligohydramnios
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associated with blateral renal agenesis (Potter's syndrome) and hypoplastic lungs
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Polyhydramnios
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associated with anencephaly, TE fistula, esophageal atreasia
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Amniotic band syndrome
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bands of amniotic membrane encircle and constrict fetus causng amputation
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week 5
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connecting stalk: 2 arteries, 1 vein
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fetal hematopoesis
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starts at week 3 within extraembryonic mesoderm around yolk sac but by week 5 the liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow take over
during embyronic phase, Hb delta2, episilon2 during fetal phase, Hb alpha2, gamma2 |
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Hydrops fetalis
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palor, gen edema, hepatosplenomegaly
intrauterine death caused by maternal syphilis, alpha-thalassemia, maternal B19 infection, iron def, Rh disease, etc |
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ligamentum teres
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remnant of left umbilical vein
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ligamentum venosum
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remnant of ductus venosus which bypasses fetal liver and goes straight into IVC
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medial umbilical ligament
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right and left umbilical arteries
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median umbilical ligament
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remnant of uracus
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truncus arteriosus becomes?
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aorta
pulmonary trunk |
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bulbos cordis becomes?
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smooth parts of R and L ventricles
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Primitive ventricle becomes?
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trabeculated parts of R and L ventricles
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Primitive atrium becomes?
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trabeculated parts of R and L atria
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sinus venosus becomes?
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smooth part of R atrium
coronary sinus oblique vein of R atrium |
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what forms the smooth part of L atrium?
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parts of pulmonary veins
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what forms AP septum?
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neural crest cells
(migrate through arches 3, 4, 6) |
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Clinical manifestations of problems with AP septum development?
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truncus arteriosus
transposition of great vessels tetralogy of fallot |
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formation of atrial septum?
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1) septum primum grows from roof to av cushions, with "foramen primum" opening at lower free edge which closes at septum primum gets to end bottom
2) foramen secundum forms in center of septum primum 3) septum secundum grows (to the right of septum primum) from top to bottom but leaves a hole (foramen ovale) |
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foramen secundum defect
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excessive resorbtion of septum primum or secundum or both
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probe patency of foramen ovale
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incomplete anatomic fusion of the septum primum and septum secundum
present in 25% of population not clinically significant |
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anterior cardinal veins become?
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svc, int jugular veins
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posterior cardinal veins become?
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IVC and common iliacs
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General characteristics of pharyngeal arches
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5 of them (1,2,3,4,6)
develop last from 4-5 weeks 2 components; groove(cleft) and pouch outside=ectoderm middle=combo of neural crest and mesoderm inside=endoderm |
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arteries of the pharyngeal arches
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1= part of maxillary
2= part of stapedial 3= L/R common carotid arteries 4= right becomes part of subclavia, left becomes part of aortic arch 6=part of R and L pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus |
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muscles of the pharyngeal arches
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1= muscles innervated by CN V
2=muscles innervated by CN VII 3=muscles innervated by CN IX (stylopharngeaus) 4,6=larynx (CN X, XI) |
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RET proto-oncogene mutations
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associated with Hirshsprung's disease
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pronephros
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transitory structure, gone by week 5
not function in humans |
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mesonephros
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forms wolffian duct
and gives rise to uteric bud |
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metanephros
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forms nephron (except collecting duct)
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uteric bud
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outgrowth of mesonephric duct
penetrates metanephris mesoderm to become ureters, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting duct |
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cause of wilm's tumor?
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deletion of tumor suppresor WTI
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WAGR complex
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association of congenital abnormalities
W=wilm's tumor A=aniridia (absent iris) G=genitrourinary malformation R=retarded (mentally) |
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paramesonehric ducts
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become mullerian ducts
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DES
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drugs used until 70s to treat abortions, preeclampsia, diabetes, preterm labor
in female offspring it causes increased incidence of vaginal and cervical adenocarcinoma and T-shaped uterus |
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Gubernaculum
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in females, becomes ovarian ligament, round ligament of uterus
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Urogenital folds
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in females, becomes labia minora
in males, becomes ventral aspect of penis (penile urethra) |
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Urogenital sinus
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males=prostate gland, Bulbourethral gland (Cowper), Corpus spongiosum
females=urethral and paraurethral , glands (of Skene), Vestibular (Bartholin), Vestibular bulbs |
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what functions as interim kidney for 1st trimester
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mesonephros
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Annular pancreas
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ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles part of duodenum that may cause narrowing
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Spleen derivation and blood supply?
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from dorsal mesentery
but supplied as foregut |
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What embryologic parts make up diaphragm?
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septum transversum
pleuroperitoneal folds body wall dorsal mesentery of esophagus "several parts build diaphragm" |
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Skeletal derivatives of phayngeal arches
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1=malleus, incus, mandible, sphenoMandibular ligament
2=stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid 3=greater horn of hyoid 4=pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini 6=intrinsic muscles of larnyx except cricothyroid |
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Nerves derivatives of pharyngeal arches
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1=CN V (2,3)
2=CN VII 3=CN IX 4=CN X (superior laryngeal branch) 6=CN X (recurrent larnygeal branch) |
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pharngeal groove derivatives
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only the 1st groove become ext aud meatus
rest dont do anything |
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brancheal pouch derivatives
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1=middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells
2=epithelium of palatine tonsil, and some inner ear lining 3=dorsal wing become inferior parathyroids while ventral wings become thymus 4=dorsal becomes sup parathyroid, ventral becomes calcitonin glands 3= |
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Tongue innervation
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motor by CN XII
taste: ant 2/3=CN VII, post 1/3 IX, way back X sensation: ant 2/3=CN V3, post 1/3 CN IX |
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what makes up tongue?
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ant part = arch 1
post part = arch 3,4 ant and post seperated by circumvalliate papillae |
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Cleft Lip
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failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate)
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cleft palate
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failure of fusion of lateral palatine process, nasal septum, and/or median palatine process (formation of secondary palate)
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