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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fetal development landmarks: 1. Within week 1, 2. Within week 2, 3. Within week 3
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1. Implantation, Bilaminar disk, 3. Gastrulation
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Fetal development landmarks: Weeks 3-8
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Organogenesis
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Fetal development landmarks: Week 4
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Heart begins to beat
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Fetal development landmarks: Week 10
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Genitalia have male / female characteristics
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Fetal development landmarks: When do the upper / lower limb buds form
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Week 4
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Fetal development landmarks: When are fetuses most susceptible to teratogens
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Weeks 3-8 during organ formation
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Fetal development landmarks: When do primitive streak and neural plate form
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Week 3
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Effects on fetus from: ACE inhibitors
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Renal damage
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Effects on fetus from: cocaine
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Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction
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Effects on fetus from: DES
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Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
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Effects on fetus from: Iodide
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Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism
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Effects on fetus from: 13-cis-retinoic acid
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Extremely high risk for birth defects
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Effects on fetus from: Thalidomide
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Limb defects (flippers)
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Effects on fetus from: Warfarin, x-rays
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Multiple anomalies
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What’s in the umbilical cord
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2 arteries, 1 vein
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Which supplies the fetus, which takes de-oxygenated blood from the fetus to placenta
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Vein – takes blood TO fetus
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What are the three components of ectoderm
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1. surface ectoderm, 2. Neuroectoderm, 3. neural crest
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Surface ectoderm forms
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Epidermis, epithelial linings, lens of the eye, adenohypophysis
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Neuroectoderm forms
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Neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and pineal gland
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Neural crest forms
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ANS, dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, enterochromafin cells, pia mater, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, odontoblasts, para-follicular © cells of thyroid
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What are the following tissues derived from: muscle, bone, cardiovascular structures, lymphatics, blood, urogenital structures, peritoneal lining, spleen, adrenal cortex
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Mesoderm
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What is the endoderm responsible form (in terms of what is derived of it)
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Gut tube epithelium and derivatives (lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid)
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_____ induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm
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Notochord
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What is its post-natal derivative
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Nucleus pulposus of discs
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What is the rule of 2’s for the 2nd week
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2 germ layers (bilaminar disc)
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What compose the 2 germ layers
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Epiblast and hypoblast
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What are the 2 placental components
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Cytotrophoblast
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The epiblast is the precursor to
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Ectoderm
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What does the epiblast invaginate to form
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Primitive streak
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The primitive streak gives rise to what two things
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Mesoderm and endoderm
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What is the rule of 3’s for the 3rd week
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3 germ layers (gastrula)
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Fetal erythropoiesis time frames/locations: 3-8 wks
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Yolk sac
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Fetal erythropoiesis time frames/locations: 6-30 wk
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Liver
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Fetal erythropoiesis time frames/locations: 9-28 wk
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Spleen
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Fetal erythropoiesis time frames/locations: 28+ wk
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Bone marrow
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What’s the pneumonic
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Young liver synthesis blood
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What give rise to: Truncuc arteriosis
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Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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What give rise to: Bulbus cordis
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Smooth parts of left and right ventricle
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What give rise to: Left and right horn of sinus venosus
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Coronary sinus
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What give rise to: Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
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Smooth part of right atrium and SVC
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How many amniotic sacs and placentas in: Monozygotic twins
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2 sacs, 1 placenta (although it is possible to have 2 placentas, one is more common)
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How many amniotic sacs and placentas in: Dizygotic twins
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2 sacs, 2 placentas (always)
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Normally, what causes closure of the ductous arteriosus
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The increase in oxygen after the first breath
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Fetal – postnatal derivatives:Umbilical vein becomes the
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Ligamentum teres hepatis
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Fetal – postnatal derivatives:Umbilical arteries
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Medial umbilical ligament
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Fetal – postnatal derivatives:Ductus arteriosus
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Ligamentum arteriosum
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Fetal – postnatal derivatives:Ductus venosus
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Ligamentum venosum
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Fetal – postnatal derivatives:Foramen ovale
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Fossa ovalis
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Fetal – postnatal derivatives:Allantois
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Median umbilical ligament
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Fetal – postnatal derivatives:Notochord
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Nucleus pulposus
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1st arch is MAXimal
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1st aortic arch forms the maxillary artery
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C is the 3rd letter of the alphabet
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3rd arch gives us the common Carotids
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Second = stapedial
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2nd arch gives us the stapedial atery (and hyoid artery)
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What does the 4th arch form
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Aortic arch
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What does the 6th form
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Pulmonary arteries
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Branchial clefts are derived from ___, whereas branchial arches are derived from
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Ectoderm
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Branchial pouches are derived from
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Endoderm
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CAP covers outside from inside?
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Clefts = ectoderm, Arches = mesoderm, Pouches = endoderm
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If it begins with ‘M’, its probably a branchial arch #? derivative
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#1 (Meckel’s cartilage, Muscles of Mastication) Mandible (bone and ligament), malleus, (incus), Masseter, Medial pterygoid (and lateral)
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What nerve is a BA #1 derivative
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V-3
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If it starts with ‘S’ – its probably
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BA #2 derivative (stapes, styloid, stylohyoid, stapedius)
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Which CN is a derivative of BA#2
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CN VII
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Name the few BA #3 derivatives
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Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid, Muscle: stylopharyngeus, Nerve: CN IX
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Pneumonic?
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Think of pharynx: stylopharyngeus innervated by glossopharyngeal
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Which arch makes NO major developmental contributions
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5
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Which arch derives the following:
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Muscles of facial expression
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2
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Anterior belly of digastric
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1
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Tensor tympani, tensor veli palatine
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1
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All intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid)
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4-to-6
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Styleopharyngeus
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4
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CN X
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4
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CN X (recurrent laryngeal)
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6
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Temporalis muscle
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1
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Branchial arch innervation:Arch 1 derivatives supplied by
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CN V2, V3
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Branchial arch innervation:Arch 2
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CN VII
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Branchial arch innervation:Arch 3
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CN IX
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Branchial arch innervation:Arch 4 and 6
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CN X
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Which branchial CLEFT develops into the external auditory meatus
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1st
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2nd-4th form temporary cervical sinus. What happens if this sinus is not obliterated by subsequent proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme
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Can lead to a branchial cyst in the neck
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Ear development: which arch are the following derived from:
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Ear development: which arch are the following derived from:Incus, malleus
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1st
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Ear development: which arch are the following derived from:Stapes
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2nd
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What about the following muscles:
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Ear development: which arch are the following derived from:Tensor tympani (V3)
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1st
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Ear development: which arch are the following derived from:Stapedius muscle (VII)
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2nd
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Where is the eardrum / Eustachian tube from
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1st CLEFT
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Ext. auditory meatus
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1st POUCH
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Now, the pharyngeal pouches are something different:1st pouch develops into
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Middle ear cavity
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2nd pouch
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Epithelial lining of palantine tonsil
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3rd pouch (dorsal wings)
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Inferior parathyroids
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3rd pouch (ventral wings)
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Thymus (don’t get tricked here!)
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4th pouch
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Superior parathyroids (you knew it was coming)
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DiGeorge syndrome is due to aberrant development of which pouch
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3rd and 4th
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Signs/symptoms
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Hypocalcemia
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In the thymus, the ____ is dense with immature T-cells and the ____ is dense with mature cells
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Cortex
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Where (in the thymus) are the reticular cells and Hassal’s corpuscles
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Medulla
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What takes place at the corticomedullary junction
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Positive and negative selection
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Thyroid arises from the floor of
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The (primitive) pharynx
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Does everyone have a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid
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No – it forms from a patent thyroglossal duct in development (connects thyroid to tongue)
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What is the normal remnant of the thyroglossal duct in adults w/o pyramidal lobe
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Foramen cecum
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Thus, the most common ectopic thyroid tissue site is the
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Tongue
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Anterior 2/3 of tongue forms from
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1st branchial arch
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Posterior 1/3 from
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3rd and 4th arches
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RECALL: innervation of anterior vs. posterior
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Anterior 2/3: pain=V3, taste=VII, Posterior 1/3: pain and taste via CN IX
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Is you really want to nitpick – extreme posterior of tongue is via
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CN X
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Motor innervation of tongue is ALWAYS
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CN XII
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What CNS nucleus is involved in taste
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Solitary (SALTitary)
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____ = failure of fusion of the medial nasal and maxillary processes
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Cleft lip
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Cleft palate?
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FOF of the lateral palantine processes, the nasal septum, and / or medial palantine process
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Several Parts Build Diaphragm?
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Septum transversum, Pleuroperitonial folds, Body wall, Dorsal mesentery of esophagus
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Diaphragm innervation?
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C3-C5 (retained during descending)
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Spontaneous bone formation w/o preexisting cartilage?
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Intramembranous
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How is endochondral different
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Ossification of cartilaginous molds
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What bones form from the later method
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Long bones
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What is the most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract
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Meckel’s diverticulum
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Meckel’s diverticulum is a result of
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Persistence of the vitelline duct or yolk sac.
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So, what then do we call a cystic dilatation of the vitelline duct
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Omphalomesenteric cyst
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What are the five-2’s of Meckel’s
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2 inches long, 2 feet from ileocecal valve, 2% of population, Presents in first 2 years of life, May have 2 types of epithelia
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Pancreas is derived from the
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Foregut
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There are 2 buds: ventral and dorsal, what forms from the ventral bud
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Pancreatic head, uncinate process (lower half of head), and the main pancreatic duct
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Thus, the dorsal bud becomes
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Body, tail, isthmus, accessory duct
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Spleen arises from
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Mesentery
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But is supplied by artery of
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The foregut
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Mesonephric duct aka
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Wolffian duct
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Paramesonephric duct aka
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Muellerian duct
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Wolffian duct develops in SEED?
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Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejactulatory duct,
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The Muellerian duct develops into
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Fallopian tube, uterus, and part of vagina
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Incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts results in
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Bicornuate uterus
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Corpus spongiosum
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Vestibular bulbs
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Cowper’s glands
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Bartholin’s glands
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Prostate gland
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Urethral / paraurethral glands (of Skene)
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Glans penis
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Glans clitoris
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Ventral shaft of penis
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Labia minora
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Scrotum
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Labia majora
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Hypospadias?
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Urethral opening on inferior (ventral) side
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Epispadias?
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opposite
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Which is more common
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Hypospadias
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Exstrophy of the bladder is associated with
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Epispadias
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Spermatogenesis takes place in
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The seminiferous tubules
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Begins with _______ (type A&B)
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Spermatogonia
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Is there a barrier too know here??
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Blood-testes barrier
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Maintained by
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Tight junction between Sertoli cells
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List the progression of developing sperm cells
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Spermatogonium – primary spermatocyte – secondaty spermatocyte – spermatid
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Of these cells, which are haploid, diploid etc
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Spermatogonium diploid 2N, Primary spermatocyte diploid 4N, Secondary spermatocyte haploid 2N, Spermatid haploid N
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Which part (section) of the sperm has the mitochondris
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Middle (neck) section
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What is the sperm food supply
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Fructose
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The flagellum is derived from
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A centromere
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Whereas, the acrosome is derived from
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Golgi apparatus
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Primary oocytes begin meiosis I
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During fetal life
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And complete meiosis I just before
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Ovulation
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That means meiosis I is suspended in ____ for years
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Prophase
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Meiosis II is arrested in
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Metaphase until fertilization
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Cool pneumonic
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An egg MET a sperm
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Polyhydramnios is defined as
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> 1.5-2.0 liters of amniotic fluid
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Oligohydramnios?
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< 0.5 liters
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Which is associated with anencephaly
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Poly
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Which is associated with esophageal atresia or duodenal atresia
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Poly
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Oligo associated with bilateral _________
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Renal agenesis
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Oligohydramnios causes
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Potter’s facies
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In a horseshoe kidney, the inferior renal poles fuse, and as they ascend from the pelvis during fetal development, they get trapped where?
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On the inferior mesenteric artery, and remain low in the abdomen
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