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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does the liver epithelium originate?
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endoderm
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Where does the salivary gland originate?
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ectoderm
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Where does the CNS originate?
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neuroectoderm
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What does the neuroectoderm form?
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brain, spinal cord, pars nervosa of the pituitary, opitc nerve, retina, pigment epithelium, iris
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Does the neuroectoderm form neural cells?
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NO
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Where does the sclerotome come from and what does it form?
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from teh somatocoele (from somite)
Becomes the intervetebral disks and bone and vetebrae |
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What does the myotome come from? What does it form?
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From demomyotome from somatocoele from the somite
Forms DORSAL skeletal mm EPAXIAL |
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Where does the dermatome come from? What does it form?
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from the dermomyotome from the somatocoele from the somite.
Forms the VENTRAL skeletal mm HYPAXIAL |
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From which type of cells do somites come from?
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From epiblast--all layers endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm arise from the epiblast
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Where does the inner ear originate? What about the middle ear?
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Inner ear from ectoderm
Middle ear from endoderm |
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Where does the thymus and thyroid originate?
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from the endoderm
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What does teh ectoderm form?
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skin, hair nails, eye lens and cornea, inner ear labrynith, anterior pituitary, sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands.
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Where is neuroectoderm found?
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above the notochord (in the middle)
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Where does a somite orginitate from?
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From the undifferientiated mesoderm
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What is another name for the splanchnic mesoderm?
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splanchonopleure
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What does the early somite have? What does it differentiate into?
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a somatocoele
diff to dermomyotome and sclerotome |
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Where does the UG come from?
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urogenital from intermediate mesoderm
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What makes the umbilicus?
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The yolk sac and the connecting stalk
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Where is the allantosis and what does it become?
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Blind ended sac from the gut tube becomes the UG sinus then the embryo's bladder then becomes the urachus AKA median ligament
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When does the yolk sac detatch?
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6 weeks
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When does the rostal neuropore close?
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25 days
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On the 23 day which brain structures have formed?
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proencephalon
mesencephalon rhomboencephalon |
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When does the caudal neuropore close?
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27 days
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When are somites formed?
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During the formation of the neural tube. They form at the same time as nural crest cells
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What do neural crest cells migrate as?
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mesoderm
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When does the neural plate form?
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Day 18
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When does the neural tube form?
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Day 19-24
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What is the neural plate made of?
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made of ectoderm
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What types of myofibers allow aid in neural tube formation?
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apical actin in the ectoderm
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What does the septum trnasversum help to form and what is its remnant in the adult?
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forms liver, heart, diaphragm
separates the pericardial and peritoneal cavities degenerates to the central tendon |
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What does the lateral plate medoderm consist of and what does it form?
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SOMATIC or SOMATOPLEURE-bone
EX. ribs, sternum, bones, dermis, blood vessels SPLANCHNIC or SPLANCHNOPLEURE--smooth mm and non bone CT (CT PROPER) ex. smooth mm and CT of gut pancreas non bone CT lung CT |
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what does the endoderm form?
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alimenatry canal epithelium, pancreas, liver epithelium, salivary glands, palatine and lingual tonsil epithelium, thyroid and parathyroid glands, thymus, lung thrachea and larynx, middle ear
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What are the forms of early mesoderm?
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bood vessesls (endothelium and smooth mm) in all tissue
somite intermediate: UG lateral plate (somatopleure) peripheral skeleton and dermis lateral plate: splanchnopleure: smooth mm, vessesl and CT around GI and bladder Non-specific dura and arachnoid, RBCs, WBC Body: PNS, adrenal medulla, malanocytes |
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Where does bone and cartilage in the head come from?
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from the neural crest cells (mesoderm)
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What is an exception of the somitomeres which form the facial mm?
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they have myotome but NO scleotome
THEY DO NOT OCOME FROM SOMITE MYOTOME!!!!!!!!!!! |
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Follow the migration of the neural crest cells?
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from the dRG to theventral ramus, the sympathetic chain to adrenal medulla to pre aortic ganglion to ps in the gut and also to melanocytes
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What happens to aortic arches 1 and 2
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they degenerate
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What is the fate of aa 3?
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carotid aa
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what is the fate of aa 4
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r subclavian part of it
l aortic arch |
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What is the fate of aa 6?
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pulmonary aa and ductus arteriosis
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Which n is aaociated with branchial arch 1 mandibular and maxillary?
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mandibular V3, maxillary V2
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Which n is associated with ba's 2,3,4/6
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2 facial
3 glossopharyngeal 4/6 vagus 2,3,4 = 7,9,10 |
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What mm are associated with branchial arches 1,2,3,4,6?
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1 mm of mastication (V)
2 mm of facial expression (CN 7) 3 stylopharyngeus (CN 9) 4 pharyngeal and laryngeal mm (CN 10) |
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Where does Rathke's pouch come from? What does it form/
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Rathke's pouch
from above teh first arch forms anterior pituitary |
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What is the stomadeum and what does it form?
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arises from ectoderm and endoderm (no mesoderm) is the embryonic mouth.
In between th emaxillary and mandibular parts of the 1ST ARCH!! mesoderm is NOT in oral plate, so it splits |
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Which n is aaociated with branchial arch 1 mandibular and maxillary?
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mandibular V3, maxillary V2
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Which n is associated with ba's 2,3,4/6
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2 facial
3 glossopharyngeal 4/6 vagus 2,3,4 = 7,9,10 |
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What mm are associated with branchial arches 1,2,3,4,6?
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1 mm of mastication (V)
2 mm of facial expression (CN 7) 3 stylopharyngeus (CN 9) 4 pharyngeal and laryngeal mm (CN 10) |
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Where does Rathke's pouch come from? What does it form/
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Rathke's pouch
from above the first arch forms anterior pituitary. Midline formed from 1st arch |
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What is the stomadeum and what does it form?
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arises from ectoderm and endoderm (no mesoderm) is the embryonic mouth.
In between th emaxillary and mandibular parts of the 1ST ARCH!! mesoderm is NOT in oral plate, so it splits |
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What forms from the 1st groove?
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external auditory meatus
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What forms form the first pouch?
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The tympanic cavity and nauditory tube
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What forms from the second pouch?
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The palatine tonsil
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What forms from the 3rd pouch?
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The parathyroid and thymus
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What forms from teh 4/5 pouch?
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parathyroid , c cells of thyroid
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When does the stomatodeum open?
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day 26
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When do the branchial arches form?
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days 23-27
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How does the cervical sinus form?
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grows OVER the 3rd and 4th arches to form the CERVICAL SINUS
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What do the 4th and 6th arches give rise to?
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The larynx
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Where does the anterior 2/3 of the tongue originate? post 1/3?
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ant 2/3 from 1st branchial arch
post 1/3 from the 3rd arch |
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Which structures are within the branchial arch?
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aortic arch, cartilage (neural crest derivative), muscle and cranial N.
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What is within the pharyngeal pouch?
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calcitonin and thymus cells
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What is the fate fo the branchial GROOVE?
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it will disappear
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Where is the foramen cecum formed?
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from arch 3 midline
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Where is the espophagus formed?
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arch 6 Midline
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Where are the aretenoids from?
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from arch 4/6 midline
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Where is the epiglottic swelling?
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arch 4 midline
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What is the fate of pharyngeal pouches 2-6?
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They fuse, form a cervical sinus then involutes.
If does NOT involute can form a cyst |
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What does meckels cartilage form? Where does it originate?
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initiates mesoderm around it to do intramembranous ossificaton
forms the sphenomandibular ligament from arch 1 |
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What cartilage is formed from arch 2?
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hypoid bone
styloid ligament sphenoid bone |
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What cartilage is formed from arch 3?
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greater cornu of HYOID
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What cartilage is formed from arch 4?
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thyroid cartilage of larynx
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What cartilage is formed from arch 6?
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cricoid cartilage
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When does the notochord induce differentiation of the somites? When is the differentiation of the lateral plate nearing completion?
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early 4th week initiation by end of 4th week lateral plate differentiation is nearly done
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When is the blastymal skeleton condensed?
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5th week
blastymal skeleton is just condensation of MESENCHYME |
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When does chondrification begin?
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in the 6th week
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When do the PRIMARY ossification centers begin?
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weeks 7-12
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When do the SECONDARY ossification centers begin?
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birth to 9th year
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When do the epiphyseal plates fuse?
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18-25 years
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Which differentiated product of the somite results in HYPAXIAL structures?
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dermatome
VENTRAL mm |
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Which differentiated product of the somite results in EPAXIAL structures?
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myotome
deep back mm |
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what is it called when scelrotome fails to divide and migrate? what is the result?
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hemivertebra could result in scoliosis
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Which of the sacral bones fuses first?
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The lowest which is why its the smallest
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How many sclerotomes are involved in EACH vertebral segment?
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2
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When do myotomes form? What do they form?
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form in 4-5 week
myotomes form myoblasts which fuse to form skeletal mm |
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When do axons grow out of the CNS?
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week 5--follow myoblasts
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What do axons divide into?
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divide to follow pre and post axial mm groups.
flexors and extensors |
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When do axons mirgate to tehir final destination?
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5th and 6th week
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When do mm begin to function?
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17-20 weeks
about 5 mos |
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When dose myleination of the lower extremeties begin?
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2 yrs
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Which way does the upper limb rotate?
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lateral (outward) rotation
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what is syndactily? Polydactaly?
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fusion of digits
extra digits |
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What is amelia? Meromelia?
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absense of a limb
absence of PART of a limb |
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How does the lower limb rotate?
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inward (medial) rotation
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What induces the differentiation of somites?
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the notochord
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Which is more medial somatopleure or splanchnopleure?
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splanchnopleure
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What does splanchnic mean?
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visceral
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Where is the primary ossification center found? The secondary?
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primary in the diaphysis
secondary in the epiphysis |
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what forms the nucleus pulposis?
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the notochord
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What forms the annulus fibrosis?
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the sclerotome
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When does the sacrum fuse with the rest of the body?
When does the arch fuse with the TP? |
8 years
2-5 yrs |
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What is the function of the BMP 4, MYF5, PAX3?
What types of mm don't have BMP 4? |
bone morphogenic protein
all three genes work togehter to form body wall and limb mm |
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What is the hypomere?
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The original mesoderm differentiates into three sections. The hypomeric mesoderm is the most VENTRAL region. It is fated to further differentiate into limbs, peritoneum, gonads, heart, blood vessels and mesenteries.
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What is the epimere?
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The original mesoderm differentiates into three sections. The epimeric mesoderm is the most DORSAL region. It separates longitudinally into discrete clumps of mesoderm termed SOMITES. Each somite is further split into dermotome, myotome, and sclerotome segments.
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What does the hypomere do?
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Wraps around bony elements nerves split into pre and post axial
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What is the differentiation sequence of dermomyotome?
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dermomyotome
deliamination-separate from lamina at ends of stack migration: Proliferation Determination--must be mm cells specifically Differentiation--fuse to form myotubules |
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What is interesting about satellite cells?
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They can regenerate
myogenic precursor to muscle fiber directly! |
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What steps are involved in forming a mm fiber? What cells can bypass some steps?
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myogenic precursor
embryonic myoblasts primary microtubule secondary microtubule muscle fiber fetal myoblasts go from myogenic precursors all the way to the secondary microtubule satellite cells go directly frommyogenic precursors to muscle fiber |
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Which limbs develop first?
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upper limbs
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Why are bones deep to mm?
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because hypomere migrates superficial to teh somatopleure
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mm ventral to bones are ___?
mm dorsal to bones are ___? |
ventral preaxial
dorsal postaxial |
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What can cause meromelia?
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Talidamide used for cancer and aids patients now used to be for pregnant women until babies born w/o some parts of limbs
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What does the yolk sac form?
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germinal cells, blood cell development
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What does the chorionic membrane fuse with?
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with the amnionic membrane during the fetal period
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What functions does amnionic fluid provide?
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protection
temperature regulation fluid exchange permit symmetrical growth |
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Where does amnionic fluid come from?
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the placenta early
amninonic membrane embryonic/fetal urine trahcobronchial passages intestine |
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What is oligohydraminos and why is it caused?
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inadequate amnionic fluid levels due to dysfunction in kidney
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Which cavity grows faster chorion or amnion?
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amnionic cavity
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What does the placenta come from?
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the villius chorion
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What is the gut filled with? Why is this a good thing?
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Filled with metonium, dead cells don't want them in the lungs
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How can you estimate the day of fertilization?
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take the last normal menstural peroid and subtract 2 weeks.
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What is the LNMP?
What is the EDF? |
last normal menstrual period
estimated day of fertilization |
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What weight is necessary for viability?
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500g (about 1lb)
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What is the difference between surviving and thriving?
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Survive first, but may not gain weight
If gaining weight and growing then thriving |
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What is quickening?
When does this happen? |
When the baby starts to kick...1st brain function
17-20 weeks (5mos) |
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Whihc trimester contans both previable and viable stages?
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2nd trimester
viable in the 3rd |
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Why do babies die under 500g? What test can be done to detect this problem?
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inadequate lung development
could do amniocentisis to check |
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What is the difference between dizygotic and monozygotic twins?
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mono from the same egg--identical
di from two eggs, 2 fertilizations fraternal |
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Which form of in utero testing is safest?
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ultrasound
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what happens in amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling? When can the tests be done? How safe are they?
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amnio--needle aspiration done at 12-18 wks safest
CVS--snip the villi 10-12 weeks--a little earlier Both relatively safe between .25 and 1% amnio slightly safer |
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Is a insult earlier more or less detrimental to development?
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earlier more detremental. If before gastrulation then baby dies (before 3wk)
In wk 3-9 form organs so maybe a problem but still can thrive After 10 wk if no problem then can make it, less severe defects |
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What is a cleft?
Agenisis? Ectopy? Duplication? |
formed by failed fusion
failure of organ to develop at all Inductive stimulus in an abnormal place two inductions |
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What is a stenosis?
What is a fistula? What is a cyst? What is an artesia? |
stenosis= abnormal narrowing
fistula= abnormal connection cyst= sturcture grows where it shouldn't artesia=blind tube |
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what is a cause of developmental problems that may not be thought of first?
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multiple pregnancy
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