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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fetal landmarks: Week 1
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Day 1: Fertilization
Day 3: Morula (ball of cells) Day 5: Blastocyst *Trophoblast *Inner cell mass Day 6: Implantation |
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Fetal landmarks: Week 2
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2 weeks:
~ 2 layers --> Bilaminar disk *Epiblast --> Most = ectoderm; Primitive streak = Endo, mesoderm *Hypoblast ~ 2 cavities --> Amniotic cavity, yolk sac ~ 2 placental components: Cytotrophpblast, syncytiotrophpblast |
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Fetal landmarks: Week 3
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Gastrulation
*3 weeks ~ 3 germ layers Day 18-21: Neural tube formation *Neural plate with primitive streak (overlies notochord) *Invagination *Neural tube |
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Organogenesis
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Weeks 3-8
Extremely susceptible to teratogens |
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Fetal landmarks: Week 4
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"4 chambers, 4 limb buds"
Heart begins to beat Upper and lower limb buds begin to form |
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Surface ectoderm derivatives
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Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
Everything exposed to air: *Epidermis *Lens of eye *Epithelial linings of eye, ear, nose |
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Neuroectoderm
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Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
CNS neurons Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells Pineal gland |
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Neural crest derivatives
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ABCCDE
LMOP ANS + Schwann cells Bones of the skull Parafollicular C cells (thyroid) DRG Enterochromaffin + Chromaffin cells Laryngeal cartilage Melanocytes Odontoblasts Pia (and arachnoid) |
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Endoderm derivatives
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Gut tube epithelium and derivatives
Lungs Liver Pancreas Thymus Thyroid (Follicular cells) Parathyroid |
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Mesoderm derivatives
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ABCD SLUM
Adrenal cortex Bone, blood Cardiovascular, CT Dura mater Spleen Lymphatics Urogenital structures Muscle |
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Notochord derivative in adults
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Nucleus pulposus
Found in intervertebral disk |
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Common mesodermal defects
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VACTERL
Vertebral defect Anal atresia Cardiac defects Tracheo-Esophageal fistula Renal defects Limb defects |
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What defects most commonly accompany imperforate anus?
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#1 Other urogenital defects
#2 VACTERL |
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ACE inhibitors during pregnancy
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Renal damage
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Cocaine during pregnancy
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Abnormal fetal development
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Diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy
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Vaginal clear cell carcinoma
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Iodide during pregnancy
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Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism
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Retinol (Vitamin A) during pregnancy
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Extremely high risk for birth defects
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Thalidomide during pregnancy
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Limb defects (flipper limbs)
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Tobacco during pregnancy
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Pre-term labor
Placental problems ADHD |
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Warfarin during pregnancy
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Multiple anomalies
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X rays during pregnancy
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Multiple anomalies
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Anticonvulsants during pregnancy
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Multiple anomalies
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Fetal infections during pregnancy (TORCH)
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Congenital malformations
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Alcohol during pregnancy
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#1 cause of congenital malformations in US
May involve migration errors HHeLL = *Head and heart *Limb and lung Head = Retardation, Microcephaly, Facial abnormalities Heart = Fistulas Lung = Fistulas Limb = Dislocation |
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Twinning
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Monozygotic twinning: 1 zygote splits
*Early: 2 placentas, amniotic sacs, chorions *Late: 1 placenta, 1 chorion, 2 amniotic sacs Fraternal = 2 zygotes *2 placentas, amniotic sacs, chorions |
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Fetal component of placenta
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Chorionic villi
Outer layer = Syncytiotrophoblast *Secretes hCG Inner layer = Cytotrophoblast |
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Maternal component of placenta
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Decidua basalis
Derived from maternal endometrium |
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Umbilical cord
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1. 2 umbilical arteries (deox)
*From internal iliacs *Single umbilical artery is associated with congenital and chromosomal anomalies 2. 1 umbilical vein *To IVC (sends branch to portal vein on the way) 3. Urachus: Connects bladder to allantois |
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Truncus arteriosus
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Gives rise to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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Bulbus cordis
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Smooth parts of left and right ventricle
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Primitive ventricle
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Trabeculated parts of left and right ventricle
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Primitive atria
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Trabeculated left and right atrium
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Left horn of sinus venosus
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Coronary sinus (R atrium)
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Right horn of sinus venosus
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Smooth parts of right atrium (and left atrium)
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Right cardinal veins: Common and anterior
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SVC
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Ventricular septum development
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1. Muscular ventricular septum
*Leaves interventricular foramen 2. Aorticopulmonary septum *Spirals 3. Membranous interventricular septum *Formed by fusion of muscular IV septum and aorticopulmonary septum *Closes the interventricular foramen |
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Atrial septum development
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1. Septum primum grows down from top of the atria toward endocardial cushions
*Foramen primum shrinks 2. Foramen secundum begins forming before foramen primum closes 3. Septum secundum begins growing down from top of atrium *Stops at foramen secundum |
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Fetal erythropoiesis
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BSLY --> BeaSLY
Bone marrow: 28+ Spleen: 9-28 Liver: 6-30 Yolk sac: 3-8 |
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Foramen ovale closure
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1st breath: Resistance of pulmonary vasculature DECREASES --> Increased flow through lungs and into LA --> Increased LA pressure
Foramen ovale closes |
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Ductus arteriosus closure
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Increased oxygen after birth decreases prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are what keep ductus arteriosus open |
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Umbilical vein contents
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Blood in umbilical VEIN is 80% saturated w/O2
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Close ductus arteriosus
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Indomethacin
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Keep ductus arteriosus open
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PGE1
P for to keep Patent |
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Umbilical vein becomes
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Ligamentum teres hepatis
Hepatis --> Goes to liver region *Umbilicus to portal vein + ductus venosus Contained in falciform ligament |
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Ductus venosus becomes
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Ligamentum venosum
Starts where umbilical vein sends a branch to liver Ends at IVC |
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Foramen ovale becomes
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Fossa ovalis
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Ductus arteriosus becomes
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Ligamentum arteriosum
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Umbilical arteries become
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Medial umbilical ligaments
From Internal iliacs to umbilicus |
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Urachus becomes
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Median umbilical ligament
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Brachiocephalic artery and thoracic duct
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Right chest --> Brachiocephalic
Left chest --> Thoracic |
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1st aortic arch: Derivatives
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1st arch is MAXIMAL
Maxillary artery |
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2nd aortic arch: Derivatives
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STAPEDIUS IS SECOND
Stapedial artery Hyoid artery |
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3rd aortic arch: Derivatives
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C is the 3RD letter of the alphabet
COMMON CAROTID (and part of internal carotids) |
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4th aortic arch: Derivatives
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Blood gets to the 4 limbs
Left = Aortic arch Right = Proximal subclavian artery |
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5th aortic arch: Derivatives
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Nothing!
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6th aortic arch: Derivative
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Proximal pulmonary arteries
Left: includes ductus arteriosus |
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Branchial apparatus: Germ layer origins
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a.k.a Pharyngeal apparatus
Clefts --> Ectoderm Arches --> Mesoderm + Neural crest Pouches --> Endoderm |
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Branchial cleft derivatives
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Cleft 1: External auditory meatus
He had to EAt Meat so he CLEFT Clefts 2-4 --> Obliterated |
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Branchial arch 1 derivatives
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TTT MAD MOUTH
Innervated by CN V-2 and V-3 Muscles (TTT MAD): Tensor tympani Tensor veli palatini anterior Tongue (Two-thirds) Mastication (Masseter, pterygoids, temporalis) Mylohyoid Anterior belly of Digastric Mouth = Meckel's cartilage Malleus (+incus) Mandible SphenoMANDIBULAR ligament |
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Branchial arch 2 derivatives
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SSSecond arch
The SS Faces the PD Innervated by CN SSSeven SS = Reichert's cartilage + mirror muscles *Stapes *Stylohyoid ligament AND attachments (Styloid process + hyoid: lesser horn) Stapedius muscle Stylohyoid muscle *FACE = Facial expression muscles PD = Posterior belly of digastric |
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Branchial arch 3 derivatives
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3rd arch = 3 things to remember
3x3 =9 --> Innervated by CN 9 Cartilage --> Greater horn of hyoid *Great enough to have its own arch Muscle: Stylopharyngeus |
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Branchial Arch 4
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Superior laryngeal branch of CN X
TLC Please --> Take care of cricothyroid! Tongue--posterior 1/3 (w/arch 3) Levator veli palatini Cricothyroid Pharyngeal constrictors |
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Branchial Arch 6
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In the end, an I for an I
Inferior laryngeal branch of CN X Intrinsic muscles of larynx EXCEPT cricothyroid |
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Branchial arch innervation
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The only CNs with both SENSORY and MOTOR components
1 --> CN V-2, V-3 2 --> CN VII 3 --> CN IX 4 --> CN X (S. laryngeal branch) 6 --> CN X (I. laryngeal branch) |
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Ear origins
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Malleus/incus + tensor tympani
*Part of ARCH 1: TTT Mad Mouth *CN V-3 External auditory meatus: Cleft 1 Tympanic membrane: 1st branchial membrane Stapes + Stapedius *Part of ARCH 2: SS Faces PD *CN VII |
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Tongue origins
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Anterior 2/3:
*Part of ARCH 1: TTT Mad Mouth *CN V-3 --> Sensation ANTERIOR 2/3 TASTE IS CN VII Posterior 1/3 *Part of TLC-P: Arch 4 (AND 3) *CN 9 (most), CN X (posterior) Motor innervation: CN XII Muscle origin: Occipital myotomes |
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Branchial pouch 1
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Endoderm lined structures of the ear
MAC (n' cheese) ET MEC's: Mastoid air cells Eustachian tube Middle ear cavity |
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Branchial pouch 2
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Epithelial lining of palatine tonsil
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Branchial pouches 3 + 4
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3rd pouch:
*THree ~ THymus *INFERIOR parathyroids 4th pouch: *Superior parathyroids *Since it only gets 1 thing, it gets the SUPERIOR parathyroids DiGeorge: Malformation of 3rd and 4th pouches *THC: Thymic aplasia, hypocalcemia (no parathyroids), cardiac defects |
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Thyroid development
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Starts out high in neck (pharynx) and descends, leaving the THYROGLOSSAL duct in its wake
Foramen cecum of tongue = Normal remnant of thyroglossal duct |
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Most common site for ectopic thyroid tissue
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Tongue
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Signs of a thyroglossal duct cyst
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Located in midline neck
Moves w/swallowing |
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Cleft lip
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Failure of PRIMARY palate
Failure of fusion of nasal processes: maxillary and medial |
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Cleft palate
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Failure of SECONDARY palate
Failure of ANY of the following to fuse: *Nasal septum *Palatine processes (lateral, medial) |
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Diaphragm origins
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Several Parts Build Diaphragm
Septum transversum Pleuroperitoneal folds Body wall Dorsal mesentary of esophagus Diaphragmatic hernia --> abdominal contents herniate into thorax *May cause hypoplasia of thoracic organs (compression) |
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Pancreas structure
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2 embryologic buds:
*VW: Ventral --> Head, Wirsung *Dorsal --> Everything else, Santorini Wirsung is the main duct Santorini is accessory duct *Santa's little helper Annular pancreas: Ventral pancreatic head can accidentally encircle duodenum |
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Spleen origin
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Arises from dorsal mesentery
Blood supply: Celiac ganglion |
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Foregut, midgut, hindgut separations
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Foregut: Pharynx --> Duodenum
Midgut: Duodenum --> Transverse colon Hindgut: Transverse colon --> Rectum |
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Omphalocele
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Peritoneum-enclosed organs
Herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord |
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Bladder or cloacal extrophy
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Failure of caudal abdominal fold
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Sternal defects
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Cephalic abdominal fold
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Gastrochisis
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Failure of LATERAL abdominal folds to fuse
Extrusion of abdominal contents |
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Kidney embryology
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1. Pronephros
*Exists until week 4, then degenerates 2. Mesonephros *Functions as interim kidney for 1st trimester *Later contributes to male genitals Metanephros: Permanent kidney *Formed when ureteric buds come off mesonephros and induce surrounding metanephric blastema (nephrons) *Attachment point changes from mesonephric duct to UG sinus Urogenital sinus: becomes bladder, ureters, allantois |
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Allantois
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Endodermic evagination of hidgut
Becomes surrounded by mesoderm that will form umbilical vasculature Endoderm + mesoderm becomes umbilical cord |
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Female embryology
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Default
Mesonephric/Wolffian duct disappears Paramesonephric/Mullerian duct develops Fallopian tube Uterus Upper vagina |
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Male embryology
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Requires SRY (Testis determining factor) to induce testes
Testes secrete TWO crucial things: *MIF --> Suppress Mullerian development *Androgens --> Encourage Wolffian development Forms SEVE of SEVEN UP: Seminal vesicles Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct |
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Male vs. female genital origins
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Genital tubercle
*Glans penis *Glans clitoris Corpus cavernosum *Erectile tissue of penis *Erectile tissue of clitoris Urogenital sinus *Corpus spongiosum (urethra) *Vestibular bulbs *Bulbourethral glands of Cowper *Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin) *Prostate *Urethral, paraurethral glands of Skene Urogenital folds: *Ventral shaft of penis *Labia minora Labioscrotal swelling *Scrotum *Labia majora |
