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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hox mutation
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appendages in wrong locations
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FGF gene
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lengthening of limbs
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Wnt-7 gene
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proper organization along dorsal ventral axis
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Sonic hedgehog gene
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involved in patterning along ant post axis
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Extremely susceptible to teratogens during
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embryonic period- wks 3-8
when organogenesis occurs |
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Heart begins to beat
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week 4
also upper and lower limb buds begin to form |
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Fetal movement
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week 8- start of fetal period
fetus looks like a baby |
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Alar plate
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dorsal, sensory
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Basal plate
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ventral, motor
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Notochord becomes
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nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk in adults
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Precursor to ectoderm
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epiblast
invaginates to form primitive streak give rise to intraembryonic mesoderm and part of endoderm |
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Craniopharyngioma
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benign Rathke's pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals, calcifications
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Neuroectoderm
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CNS, brain, retina
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Neural crest
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think PNS and non neural structures nearby
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Mesodermal defects=
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VACTERL
Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal defects, Limb defects (bone and muscle) |
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Teratogens before week 3
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all or none effect
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Teratogens after week 8
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growth and function affected
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Truncus arteriosus
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ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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Bulbus cordis
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RV and smooth parts (outflow tract) of LV and RV
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Primitive venticle
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trabeculated LV and RV
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Primitive atria
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trabeculated LA and RA
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Left horn of sinus venosus
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Coronary sinus
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Right horn of sinus venosus
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Smooth part of RA
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Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
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SVC
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Aorticopulmonary septum derivative of
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Neural crest!!
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Failure of truncal and bulbar ridges to spiral
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Transposition of great vessels
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Skewed AP septum development
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TOF
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Partial AP septum development
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Persistent TA
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Eisenmenger's syndrome
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membranous ventricular septal defect, causes initial L to R shunting, which then becomes R to L shunting
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Septum secundum contains
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permanent opening- foramen ovale
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Septum primum forms
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valve of foramen ovale
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Septum secundum and septum primum fuse to form
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Atrial septum
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Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in
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Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
Yolk sack 3-8 week, Liver 6-30 week, Spleen 9-28 week, Bone marrow 28 wk onward |
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Helps close PDA
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Indomethacin
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Keeps PDA open
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Prostaglandins
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UmbiLical arteries remnant
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mediaL umbilical ligaments
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AllaNtois (urachus) remnant
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mediaN umbilical ligament
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Umbilical vein remnant
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ligamentum teres hepatis
contained in falciform ligament |
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Forebrain
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prosencephalon, gives rise to telencephalon- cerebral hemispheres and lat ventricles- and diencephalon- thalamus and third ventricle
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Midbrain
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Mesencephalon- gives rise to midbrain and aqueduct of sylvius
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Hindbrain
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Rhombencephalon, gives rise to metencephalon- pons, cerebellum and upper part of fourth ventricle- and myelencephalon- medulla and lower part of fourth ventricle
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Neural tube defects caused by
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neuropores fail to fuse in 4th week, persistent connection btn amniotic cavity and spinal canal
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SYringomyelia
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enlargement of central canal of spinal cord, crossing fibers of spinothalamic tract hit first, cape like bilat loss of pain and temp sensation in upper extremities, touch intact
most common in C8-T1 ass with chiari II malformation |
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Chiari II malformation
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cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum, aqueductal ttenosis and hydrocephaly
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Dandy Walker malformation
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large post fossa, absent cerebellar vermis, cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle, can lead to hydrocephalus and spina bifida
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1st aortic arch derivative
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part of MAXillary artery
1st arch is MAXimal |
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2nd aortic arch derivative
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stapedial and hyoid arteries
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3rd aortic arch derivative
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common Carotid artery and prox part of int carotid artery
C is 3rd letter in alphabet |
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4th aortic arch derivative
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on left, aortic arch
on right, prox part of right subclavian artery |
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6th aortic arch derivative
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prox part of pulm aa and ductus arteriosus
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Brachial apparatus
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CAP
Clefts- ectoderm Arches- mesoderm and NC Pouches- endoderm |
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1st brachial cleft develops into
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external auditory meatus
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Treacher Collins syndrome
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1st brachial arch neural crst fails to migrate
get mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities |
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Persistance of 3rd brachial cleft and pouch
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Congenital pharyngo-cutaneous fistula, fistula between tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck
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1st brachial arch derivatives
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meckel's cartilage, mandible, malleus, incus, mm of mastication, CN V2 and V3, Chew
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2nd brachial arch derivatives
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Reicherts cartilage, stapes,s tyloid, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid, smm of facial expression, CN VII, Smile
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3rd brachial arch derivatives
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greater horn of hyoid, stylopharyngeus, CN IX, swallow styl-ishly
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4th and 6th brachial arch derivatives
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thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform, 4th- cricothyroid, pharyngeal constrictors, levator veli palatini, 6th- all intrinsic mm of larynx except cricothyroid, CN X, 4 Simply Swallow, 6 Speak
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Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th brachial pouches
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DiGeorge syndrome- cell deficiency- thymic aplasia and hypocalcemia- failure of parathyroid development
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Brachial pouch derivatives
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Ear, tonsils, bottom-to-top
1- ear 2- tonsils 3 dorsal- bottom for inferior parathyroids 3 ventral- Thymus 4- top for superior parathyroids |
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MEN 2A
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mutation of germline RET- neural crest cells
adrenal medulla- pheochromocytoma parathyroid- tumor- 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouch Parafollicular cells- medullary thyroid ca- derived from NCC, ass with 4th/5th pharyngeal pouches |
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Muscles are dervied from
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occipital myotomes
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Tongue development
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1st brachial arch forms ant 2/3- sensation V3 and taste VII
3rd and 4th arches form post 1/3- sensation and taste IX, extreme post X motor inn XII |
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MC ectopic thyroid tissue site is
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Tongue
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2nd -4th brachial clefts form
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temp cervical sinuses
if persist, get branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck, does not move with swallowing |
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Thyroglossal duct cyst
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in midline neck, will move with swallowing
thyroid connects to tongue by thyroglossal duct, nmlly disappears but may persist and form cyst |
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Foregut
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pharynx to duodenum
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Midgut
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duodenum to transverse colon
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Hindgut
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distal transverse colon to rectum
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Duodenal atresia
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failure to recanalize
trisomy 21 |
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Jejunal, ileal and colonic atresia
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due to vascular accident
apple peel atresia |
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Midgut development
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6th week- midgut herniates through umbilical ring
10th week- returns to abd cavity and rotates around SMA |
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Omphalocele
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persistence of herniation of abd contents into umbilical cord, covered by peritoneum
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Gastroschisis
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extrusion of abd contents through abd folds, not covered by peritoneum
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When do ventral and dorsal parts of pancreas fuse
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8 weeks
if not- get pancreas divisum |
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Spleen arises from
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dorsal mesentery- hence is mesodermal in origin
supplied by artery of foregut- celiac artery |
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What is Potter's syndrome caused by
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malformation of ureteric bud
get bilat renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, limb and facial deformities, pulm hypoplasia |
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Most common site of obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
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ureteropelvic junction with kidney, last to canalize
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Ureteric bud
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derived from caudal end of mesonephros, gives rise to ureter, pelvises, calyces, collecting ducts
canalized by 10th week |
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Metanephric mesenchyme
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forms glomerulus, renal tubules to DCT
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Metanephros
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permament kidneys, first appear 5th week gestation, nephrogenesis continues through 32-36 wks
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Mesonephros
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interim kidney in 1st trimester, later contributes to male genital system
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Horseshoe kidney
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inferior poles of kidneys fuse, as they ascend get trapped under IMA, remain low in abd
ass with Turners |
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What produces testis determining factor
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SRY gene on Y chromosome- testes develop
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Mesonephric duct structures
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SEED- seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens
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Paramesonephric duct structures
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fallopian tube, uterus, upper 1/3 vagina
lower 2/3 from urogenital sinus |
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Bicornuate uterus results from
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incomplete fusion of paramesopnephric ducts, ass with urinary tract abnormalities and infertility
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No sertoli cell or lack of anti mullerian hormone
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develop both male and female internal, male external genitalia
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5 alpha reductase def
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develop male internal, ambiguous external genitalia until puberty
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Genital tubercle
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F- glans clitoris, vestibular bulbs
M- glans penis, corpus cavernosum and spongiosum |
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Urogenital sinus
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F- greater vestibular glands, urethral and paraurethral glands
M- bulbourethral glands, prostate gland |
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Urogenital folds
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F- labia minora
M- ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra) |
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Labioscrotal swelling
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F- labia majora
M- scrotum |
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Hypospadias
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abnormal opening of penile urethra on inf ventral side of penis due to failure of urethral folds to close
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Epispadias
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abnml opening of penile urethra on superior dorsal side of penis due to faulty positioning of genital tubercle
ass with exstrophy of bladder |
