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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Notochord/axial mesoderm forms
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induces ectoderm to form neural plate and then tube
becomes nucleus pulposas |
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Nucleus pulposa is from
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notochord/axial mesoderm
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What induces neurolation?
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- notochord/axial mesoderm
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What does ectoderm form?
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- body surface
- nervous tissue |
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Body surface comes from?
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- ectoderm
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Nervous tissue comes from?
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- ectoderm
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Paraxial mesoderm forms?
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- somites
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Somites come from?
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- paraxial mesoderm
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Intermediate mesoderm forms?
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-urinary and reproductive systems
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What forms the urogenital system?
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intermediates mesoderm
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Lateral plate mesoderm forms?
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- body cavity linings
- connective and muscular tissue - organs/structures of urogenital system |
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What forms the body cavity linings?
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- lateral plate mesoderm
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What forms connective and muscular tissue?
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- lateral plate mesoderm
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What forms the organs/structures of urogenital system?
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- lateral plate mesoderm
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What do the neural crest cells form?
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- bones of face/skull
- connective tissue - ganglia - C cells - autonomic ganglia (peripheral neurons - melanocytes - leptomeninges - septum separates pulmonary/aortic circulation - dermis of face/neck - Schwann cells - adrenal medulla |
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What forms bones of face/skull?
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- neural crest cells
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What forms connective tissue?
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- neural crest cells
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What forms ganglia?
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- neural crest cells
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What forms C cells?
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- neural crest cells
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What forms autonomic ganglia (peripheral neurons)?
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- neural crest cells
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What forms melanocytes?
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- neural crest cells
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what forms leptomeninges?
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- neural crest cells
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What forms the septum to separate pulmonary/aortic circulation?
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- neural crest cells
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What forms dermis of face/neck?
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- neural crest cells
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What forms Schwann cells?
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- neural crest cells
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What forms adrenal medulla?
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- neural crest cells
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What forms the visceral lining of the body cavity? the parietal lining of the body cavity?
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- lateral plate mesoderm
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What does the septum primum form?
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- ostium primum (shunt that degenerates)
- ostium secundum (valve of the ovale foramen) |
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What does the septum secundum form?
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- foramen ovale?
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Which aortic arch artery does not form?
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- 5th
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What does the 1st aortic arch form?
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- mainly nothing
- small part as maxillary arteries |
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What does the 2nd aortic arch form?
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- mainly nothing
- small part as hyoid and stapedial arteries |
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What does the 3rd aortic arch form?
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- common carotids
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What does the 4th aortic arch form?
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- right subclavian/brachiocephalic
- arch of aorta |
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What does the 6th aortic arch form?
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- pulmonary arteries
- ductus arteriosus |
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Name the circulation of fetal blood if it does not go through the right ventricle?
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- left umbilical vein
- ductus venosus - right atrium - foramen ovale - left atrium - systemic - umbilical arteries |
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What is the difference in fetal circulation if the blood does go into the right ventricle?
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- goes to pulmonary artery
- shunted to aorta via ductus arteriosus |
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What happens to fetal circulation postnatally?
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- septum forms between left and right atrium- fossa ovale
- ductus arteriosus= ligamentum arteriosum - ductus venosus- ligamentum venosus - umbilical arteries- medial umbilical ligaments - umbilical vein- round ligament |
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What is the first stage of lung development?
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- pseudoglandular (5-17 weeks)
= lung buds off foregut, forms left and right branch = splanchnic mesoderm forms vessels around terminal sacs |
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What is the second stage of lung development?
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- Canalicular (16-25 wks)
= bronchioles form, vascularization |
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What is the 3rd stage of lung development?
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- terminal sac period (24 wks-birth)
= type 1 alveolar cells~ gas exchange = type 2 alveolar cells~ surfactant produced |
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What is the 4th stage of lung development?
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- alveolar (birth~ 8 yrs)
= most alveolar development |
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What are the 4 structures that contribute to the development of the diaphragm?
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- septum transversum
- pleuroperitoneal folds - muscular ingrowth of body wall - dorsal mesentery of esophagus |
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Which portion of the somite gives rise to the vertebral arch?
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- sclerotome
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What are teh 3 parts of the somite?
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- sclerotome
- myotome - dermatome |
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What is the most common defect related to teh sclerotome?
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- spina bifida
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What are the 2 portions of the myotome?
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- epimere
- hypomere |
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Which portion of the myotome gives rise to the deep muscles of the back?
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- epimere
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What spinal cords does the epimere portion of the myotome contain?
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- dorsal primary ramus
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What spinal cord does the hypomere portion of the myotome contain?
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- ventral primary ramus
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What are the 2 structures that develop the upper lip?
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- medionasal prominence (medially)
- maxillary prominence (laterally) |
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What is the most common defect that occurs when there is a problem with the fusion of the medionasal and maxillary prominence?
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- cleft lip
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What are the 5 facial prominences?
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- frontonasal (only unpaired)
- maxillary - medionasal - lateral nasal - mandibular |
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What are the 2 structures that give rise to the is the primary plate?
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- intermaxillary segment
- maxillary prominence |
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What is the primary palate?
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- intermaxillary segment
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What does the intermaxillary segment fuse with?
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- medialnasal prominence
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What are the 2 parts of the neurocranium?
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- carilaginous
- membranous |
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What are the 2 types of ossification?
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- endocondrial
- intramembranous |
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Gives examples of endocondrial ossification of the neurocranium
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- base of skull: sella turcica, base occipital bone, petrous part of temportal, ethmoid, sphenoid
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Give examples of intramembranous ossification of the neurocranium
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- flat bones: parietal, occipital, frontal
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What structure develops from teh first pharyngeal cleft?
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- external auditory meatus
- lateral surface of eardrum |
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What structures develpoe from the 2nd pharyngeal cleft?
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- nothing
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What structures develop from teh 3rd pharyngeal cleft?
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- nothing
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What structures develop from the 4th pharyngeal cleft?
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- nothing
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What tissue do the pharyngeal arches come from?
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- mesoderm
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What tissue do the pharyngeal grooves come from?
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- ectoderm
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What tissue do the pharyngeal pouches come from?
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- endoderm
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What does the first pharyngeal pouch develop into?
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- eustachian tube
- medial surface of eardrum - primitive tympanic cavity |
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What does the 2nd pouch develop into?
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- palatine tonsils
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What does the 3rd pouch develop into?
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- inferior parathyroid
- thymus |
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What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch develop into?
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- superior parathyroid
- ultimobrachial body |
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What nerve/muscles associated with the 1st arch?
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- CN5
- muscles of mastication |
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What muscles/nerve is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
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- CN7
- muscles facial expression |
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What muscles/nerves associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
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- CN9
- stylopharyngeal/ swallowing |
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What muscles/nerves associated with the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch?
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- CN10
- larynx muscles |
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Where is the thyroid originally developed?
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- Foramen cecum
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What are the 3 strucutres derived from the hepatic diverticulum and which way do they rotate?
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- Liver, gallbladder, ventral pancreatic bud
- clockwise |
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Which part of midgut loop returns to teh abdominal cavity first?
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- cranial/cephalic
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What does the cranial end of the midgut become?
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- jejunum and ileum
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What does the caudal end of the midgut become?
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- large intestine
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How many degrees does the midgut loop rotate and how much of this is during the herniation into the umbilicus?
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- 270
90 |
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What are the 3 strucutres derived from the ventral pancreatic bud?
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- uncinate process
- proximal pancreatic duct - inferior portion of pancreatic head |
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What structures develop in the male from the mesonephric duct?
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- vas deferens
- epididymus - seminal vesicles |
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What structures develop in both male and female from the mesonephric duct?
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- trigone
- uteric bud |
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What does the uteric bud form?
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- collecting ducts/ureters
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What structure gives rise to the nephron?
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- metanephric blastema
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What type of tissue surrounds the uteric bud and is induced to form by the uteric bud?
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- intermediate mesoderm
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What gives rise to the seminiferous tubules
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- medullary sex chords
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What structures gives rise ot the female follicular cells?
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- cortical sex chords
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What are the 3 sources for indifferent gonad
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- primordial germ cells
- proliferating solomic epithelium - mesenchyme |
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What structures does the paramesonephric ducts create?
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- uterus
- fallopian tubes - cervix - upper vagina |
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The paramesonephric ducts are lateral to?
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- mesonephric ducts
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The cranial ends of the paramesonephric ducts?
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- open to abdominal cavity
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The distal ends of the paramesonephric ducts?
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- fused to urogenital sinus
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Why do the paramesonephric ducts degenerate in males?
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- anti-mullerian hormone
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What do the urethral folds give rise to in men?
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- incorporated into shaft of penis
- penile urethra |
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What do the urethral folds give rise to in women?
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- labia minora
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What does the genital tubercle give rise to in men?
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- glands and body/shaft of penis
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What does the genital tubercle give rise to in women?
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- clitoris
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What does the lateral scrotal swellings give rise to in men?
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- scrotum
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What does the lateral scrotal swellings give rise to in women?>
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- labia majora
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What forms the median umbilical ligament?
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- urachus
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What does the allantois become?
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- urachus
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What does the urachus become?
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- ligamentous and extends from teh bladder to the umbilicus
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What are the 4 structures of the pharyngeal arches?
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- skeletal structure
- musculature - cranial nerve - artery |
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What is unique about the 1st pharyngeal arch?
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- has 2 parts
----maxillary (dorsal) and mandibular process (ventral) |
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What cartilage is associated with the 1st pharyngeal arch?
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- meckel's cartilage
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What cartilage is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
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- reichert's cartilage
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What is the skeletal structure/cartilage associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
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- greater horns/cornu
- inferior hyoid |
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What is the skeletal structure/cartilage associated with the 4th pharyngeal arch?
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- laryngeal cartilages
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What is the skeletal structure that is associated with the 6th pharyngeal arch?
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- laryngeal cartilages
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What are teh 2 regions of teh skull?
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- neurocranium (brain skeleton)
- viscerocranium (face skeleton) |
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What is mesenchyme made from?
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- neural crest cells
- parenchyma |
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What are teh 2 regions of teh viscerocranium?
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- carilagionous
- membranous |
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The cartilaginous part of the viscerocranium develops from which pharyngeal arches?
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- 1st, 2nd, 3rd
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What is the nasal pit located between?
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- lateral nasal and medial nasal prominences
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What creates the anulous pulposa?
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- axial mesoderm
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Where does dermis come from?
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- paraxial mesoderm
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Cyst forms on the side of the next, on top of the SEM, where does it come from?
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- pharyngeal cleft
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Cyst forms in the midline of the neck, near the hyoid, where does it come from?
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- thyroglossal duct
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What is Meckel's diverticulum?
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- incomplete obliteration of the vitelline duct, so it remains attached to the anterior abdominal wall
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What is omphalocele?
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- defect in the anterior abdominal wall, resulting in permanent hernation of the midgut at the base of the umbilical cord
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What is Hirschsprung's disease?
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- colon is dilated b/c absense of neurons in colon wall b/c no neural crest cell migration. there is not peristalsis to move intestinal contents
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What is an imperforate anus?
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- absense of normal anal opening
- likely b/c abnormal development of urorectal septum, so incomplete separation of cloaca - communication btw rectum and vagina or rectum and urethra is common |
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What happens in oligohydraminos?
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- too little amniotic fluid
- lungs are underdeveloped - renal agenesis/ureter obstruction leads to too little amniotic fluid |
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What is hypospadias
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- failure urogenital folds to fuse in males
- opening of the external urethral orifice on ventral surface of glans penis or body |
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What is congenital inguinal hernia?
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- vaginal process remains open in peritoneal cavity
- loop of intesting herniates into scrotum/labia majora |
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What causes an upper cleft lip?
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- no fusion between the palatine shelves and the intermaxillary segments
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What causes a lower cleft lip?
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- right and left mandibular swellings don't fuse
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What causes a cleft palate?
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- sides of the palatine shelves don't fuse
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