Embryology-10-Reproductive System

Front 1

genetic gender comes from where

Back 1

karyotype: established at fertilization

Front 2

phenotypic sex is what?

Back 2

structural gender. develops over first 3 months

Front 3

development of phenotypic sex involves what structures

Back 3

gonads, accessory organs, genitals

Front 4

if development is normal, what occurs

Back 4

genotype determines gonad, gonad determines hormones produced, hormones determine which gender of accessory organs and genitals that develop.

Front 5

gross anatomical diffs between M&F: 1st 7 wks?

Back 5

NONE. Can tell males only by presence of Y chromosome, and expression of HY antigen

Front 6

first event of indifferent stage

Back 6

gonad appears on posterior abdominal wall, medial to mesonephros

Front 7

gonad appearance referred to

Back 7

gonadal or genital ridge

Front 8

genital ridge tissue structure

Back 8

intermediate mesoderm core, with covering of epithelial lining of body cavity (coelom)

Front 9

what are sex cords?

Back 9

cord-like extensions of coelomic epithelium penetrating mesoderm of genital ridge

Front 10

what is between the sex cords?

Back 10

intermediate mesoderm

Front 11

stimulates further development of gonad?

Back 11

primordial germ cells appear near origin of allantois, migrate to genital ridges, arrive at genital ridges and enter sex cords

Front 12

timing of germ cell migration

Back 12

appear at 4th week, arrive at 6th week

Front 13

what do primordial germ cells come from?

Back 13

epiblast

Front 14

if no Y chromosome, what happens to sex cords?

Back 14

begin to fragment

Front 15

what do germ cells become if no Y chromosome

Back 15

oogonia (primary oocytes)

Front 16

what do sex cord cells become if no Y chromosome

Back 16

follicular cells around oocytes

Front 17

If Y chromosome (and SRY gene) germ cells become

Back 17

spermatogonia

Front 18

if Y chromosome, sex cords do what?

Back 18

elongate to form seminiferous tubules

Front 19

if Y chromosome, sex cord cells become

Back 19

sertoli cells

Front 20

secreted by the cells the sex cords become if Y chrom.?

Back 20

sertoli cells secrete antimuellerian hormone

Front 21

if Y chromosome, what do intermediate mesoderm cells between the sex cords of genital ridge become?

Back 21

Leydig cells, which secrete testosterone

Front 22

two phases of testicular descent are

Back 22

trans-abdominal and trans-inguinal

Front 23

describe the first phase of test. descent

Back 23

trans abd: from post abd. wall – deep ring: passive. gubernaculm tethers testis, fetus grows around it, testis goes to deep ring via differential growth

Front 24

describe the 2nd phase of test. descent

Back 24

trans-inguinal: during 7th month, happens over two days, active process

Front 25

first structure through inguinal ring during desc. is?

Back 25

processus vaginalis, acquiring coverings as it goes

Front 26

where are ductus and testicular vessels after descent

Back 26

within spermatic cord

Front 27

distal part of processus vaginalis becomes what

Back 27

tunica vaginalis

Front 28

what triggers testicular descent

Back 28

probably hormones

Front 29

undescended testis –term/description

Back 29

cryptorchid testes, usually on normal line of testicular descent, but not fully into scrotum

Front 30

testis not where would normally be called

Back 30

ectopic testis

Front 31

ovarian descent arrested where

Back 31

pelvis

Front 32

gubernaculum between ovary and uterus becomes

Back 32

ligament of the ovary

Front 33

gubernaculum between uterus- labium majus becomes

Back 33

round ligament of the uterus

Front 34

indifferent stage of access. sexual organs develop from

Back 34

first as tubular invaginations of coelum near cranial end of mesonephros

Front 35

indifferent stage of access. sexual organs grow where

Back 35

caudally alongside mesonephric ducts, into pelvis

Front 36

entering pelvis, paramesonephric ducts do what?

Back 36

cross anterior to mesonephric ducts, fuse together in the midline, forming uterovaginal primordium

Front 37

uterovaginal primordium is located where

Back 37

posterior to urogenital sinus

Front 38

at caudal tip of uterovaginal primordium?

Back 38

makes contact with posterior wall of urogenital sinus, triggering endoderm proliferation toward uterovaginal primordium

Front 39

mass of endoderm created between urogenital sinus and uterovaginal primordium called

Back 39

vaginal plate or sinovaginal bulb

Front 40

If male, cascade of sex differentiation is:

Back 40

SRY gene=testicle develops: germ cells become spermatogonia;sex cords elongate, become seminiferous tubules;cells of sex cords become sertoli cells, secrete anti-muellerian factor; genital ridge mesoderm cells become leydig cells, secrete testosterone

Front 41

If testicle present, what is induced?

Back 41

antimuellerian from sertoli cells induces paramesonephric ducts and uterovaginal primordium to undergo regression

Front 42

after regression, remnants of uterovaginal primordium?

Back 42

prostatic utricle and appendix of testes

Front 43

androgens from leydig cells diffuse into adjacent tissues, inducing what three processes?

Back 43

mesonephric excretory tubules link with rete testes, forming efferent ductules, mesonephric duct develops into epididymis, vas deferens and ejaculatory duct, and seminal vessicles grow out of mesonephric ducts

Front 44

If no testicle present, paramesonephric ducts become

Back 44

uterine tubes

Front 45

If no testicle, uterovaginal primordium develops into

Back 45

uterus

Front 46

if no testosterone present (i.e. no testicle) mesonephric ducts

Back 46

regress and degenerate

Front 47

mesonephric duct remnants in broad ligament are called

Back 47

epoophoron and paroopharon

Front 48

mesonephric duct remnant near uterus is called

Back 48

gartners cyst

Front 49

vagina develops from what two structures

Back 49

uterovaginal primordium, plus endoderm of urogenital sinus area called vaginal plate

Front 50

vaginal plate changes into vagina how?

Back 50

grows as a solid cylinder of endoderm, then spaces develop and fuse into common space.

Front 51

remnant of vaginal plate is called?

Back 51

hymen

Front 52

condition if hymen not perforated?

Back 52

hydrocolpos

Front 53

problems caused if hymen not perforated

Back 53

fills with fluid, compresses urethra, urine backs up, can cause hydronephrosis

Front 54

indifferent stage of genital development lasts until?

Back 54

about 9th week

Front 55

names of the 5 indifferent genitalia swellings?

Back 55

central anterior genital tubercle, two urogenital folds around urogenital sinus opening, labioscrotal swellings around urogenital folds.

Front 56

If no male hormones present, genital tubercle forms

Back 56

glans clitoris

Front 57

if no male hormones present, urogenital folds form

Back 57

labia minora

Front 58

if no male hormones present, labioscrotal swellings form

Back 58

labia majora

Front 59

If male hormones present, genital tubercle

Back 59

elongates, drawing urogenital folds with it

Front 60

how is fissure created on ventral surface of glans

Back 60

ingrowth of epithelium(ectoderm) forms glandular plate, which breaks down, creating the fissure

Front 61

fusion of urogenital folds creates?

Back 61

penile urethra

Front 62

direction of fusion of folds, and result

Back 62

posterior– anterior bringing urethral meatus out to glans

Front 63

in male, labioscrotal swellings do?

Back 63

migrate together and fuse to become scrotum

Front 64

if urethra doesn’t fuse properly?

Back 64

hypospadias – urethral opening on underside of penis

Front 65

what if body can’t create cortisol?

Back 65

ruins feedback loop that stimulates adrenal cortex

Front 66

name of condition where body can’t create cortisol

Back 66

congenital virulizing adrenal hyperplasia

Front 67

CVAH individuals are

Back 67

genotypic females, phenotypic males: no breasts, small penis, chest hair, male pattern baldness

Front 68

If cortisol not produced?

Back 68

hypothalamus induces pituitary to release ACTH, asking adrenal glands to make cortisol. Ad. gland can’t make cortisol, but makes instead lots of androgens, which have masculinizing effects

Front 69

treatment for CVAH

Back 69

give cortisol.

Front 70

androgens do what

Back 70

drive masculinization

Front 71

cells take up testosterone how

Back 71

testosterone binds to a receptor within target cell. Both enter nucleus. These change gene expression.

Front 72

testosterone complex drives what changes at 8 wks

Back 72

masculinization of mesonephric duct + tubules

Front 73

at 10 weeks, what happens with testosterone

Back 73

taken into target cells in urogenital sinus and converted to dihydrotestosterone.

Front 74

testosterone converted to dihydrotestosterone by

Back 74

steroid reductase enzyme

Front 75

dihydrotestosterone does what

Back 75

binds to receptor in target cell, enters nucleus, mediates changes to gene expression that masculinize indifferent genitalia

Front 76

karyotype of Congenital virulizing Adrenal hypoplasia

Back 76

XX (female)

Front 77

gonads and ducts of CVAH

Back 77

ovaries, and female ducts

Front 78

External genitalia of CVAH

Back 78

masculinizes due to androgens: male genitalia

Front 79

gonadal dysgenesis

Back 79

46XX or 46 XY – usually only streak ovary, with uterus/uterine tubes. No testicle, leydig/testosterone, no male duct development: remain pre-pubertal female, with no functioning gonad

Front 80

Androgen resistance syndrome (or androgen insensitivity syndrome)

Back 80

can’t take up androgens, so no masculinizing takes place. Genetically male 46XY, but otherwise female: external genitalia, short vagina to nowhere, no pubic or axillary hair, ample breasts. no male ducts, no descent of testes.