Embryology 1

Front 1

spermatogenesis

Back 1

production of sperm cells (gametes)

Front 2

oogenesis

Back 2

production of ovum (gametes)

Front 3

Gametogenesis

Back 3

the production of human reproductive cells (gametes)

Front 4

What are gonocytes?

Back 4

Primordial germ cells

Front 5

Where are the gonocytes located and where do they go?

Back 5

they arise outside the gonads in the wall of the yolk sac and then migrate through the dorsal mesentery until they reach the primordia of the gonads.

Front 6

What happens when the gonocytes have arrived at the primordia of the gonads?

Back 6

the gonocytes begin a phase of rapid mitotic proliferation and become spermatogonia or oogonia (undifferentiated germ cells)

Front 7

spermatogonia?

Back 7

undifferentiated male germ cells

Front 8

oogonia?

Back 8

undifferentiated female germ cells

Front 9

Spermatocytogenesis end with what?

Back 9

meiosis, ends with spermatid, 23 1c DNA

Front 10

When and what happens during Spermiogenesis?

Back 10

After Spermatocytogenesis, the spermatids differentiation into spermatozoa

Front 11

what is an spermatozoa

Back 11

its a motile complete sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete.

Front 12

what is an zygote

Back 12

A zygote is a single cell, with a complete set of chromosomes(from spermatozoa and Ovum), that normally develops into an embryo

Front 13

What happens at the first phase of Spermiogenesis

Back 13

Golgi apparatus granules merged and formed ACROSOME

Front 14

acrosome is what?

Back 14

The acrosome is an enzyme-filled structure that plays a very important role in the fertilization process.

Front 15

What happens at the second phase of Spermiogenesis

Back 15

Mitochondria arragment, Acrosome cover the nucleus, Centriole divides

Front 16

How is the Mitochondria arranged during the second phase of Spermiogenesis (movement)

Back 16

as a spiral around the proximal part of the flagellum and formed mitochondrial sheath.

Front 17

What happens at the third phase of Spermiogenesis

Back 17

Acrosome + nucleus = head, flagellum growth

Front 18

What happens at the forth phase of Spermiogenesis

Back 18

The remained of the cytoplasm (residual body) moves away from the nucleus and is shed along the developing tail of the sperm cell.

Front 19

Spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules are?

Back 19

nonmotile and incapable of fertilizing an egg

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What is the epididymis?

Back 20

It is a single, narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens.

Front 21

What happens to the sperm cell in the epididymis?

Back 21

changes in the glycoproteins of the plasma membrane in sperm head, it can now move

Front 22

what is the vas deferens?

Back 22

A ducts that transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation.

Front 23

pituitary gland role in males? Activated by GnRH

Back 23

send out FSH and LH, negative feedback from inhibin.

Front 24

FSH in males together with X do what?

Back 24

togther with testosterone induces spermatogenesis

Front 25

LH in males do what?

Back 25

stimulates Leydig cells to secrete more testosterone

Front 26

where are Sertoli cells and do what in males?

Back 26

Found inside the seminiferous tubules, metabolic and structrural support to developing sperm cells, secrete ABP influences testosterone level

Front 27

where are leydig cells and do what in males?

Back 27

found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH).

Front 28

Where and what are seminiferous tubules

Back 28

locate in the testicles and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation spermatozoa.

Front 29

first oogonia to enter prophase of meiosis at week nr?

Back 29

12-13th weeks.

Front 30

In females what is the results of meiosis that happens between 3-7 months?

Back 30

meiosis to primary oocyte(46, 4C DNA), stops at Prophase(after crossing over), 1 polar body (later 2)

Front 31

What happens after the creation of the primary oocyte?

Back 31

Meiosis stops, this first meiosis and starts again during Puberty, then second meiosis starts

Front 32

The second meiosis during purbery is arrested when?

Back 32

arrested at metaphase

Front 33

Secondary oocyte continues the meiosis process-what is the end product?

Back 33

Secondary oocyte(23, 2C DNA) becomes the ovum + 1 polar body

Front 34

when is Meiosis finished in females?

Back 34

after fertilization.

Front 35

FSH from pituitary gland leads to what in females?

Back 35

stimulation of follicles growth and follicular cells to produce estrogens

Front 36

LH in females do what?

Back 36

stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum development, secretion of progesterone

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Is estrogens or progesterone released during fetal time?

Back 37

estrogen, in small amout

Front 38

estrogens do what?

Back 38

cyclic changes at endometrium, uterus and vagina growth, more estrogens initiates female phenotype, changes e.g. pelvis, breast, etc

Front 39

progesterone do what?

Back 39

cyclic changes at endometrium before implantation

Front 40

Meiosis of oocyte is arrested in what stage?

Back 40

diplotene stage

Front 41

Meiosis is inhibited by? in females

Back 41

OMI (Oocyte Maturation Inhibitors) from follicular cells.

Front 42

OMI causes higher levels of?

Back 42

cAMP and thus blocking cell cycle.

Front 43

diplotene stage is?

Back 43

when homologous chromosomes separate from one another a little. The chromosomes themselves uncoil a bit, allowing some transcription of DNA

Front 44

During oocyte growth follicular cells proliferate and?

Back 44

surround oocyte, then known as corona radiata.

Front 45

when the second meiosis is done the sec. oocyte is surrounded by

Back 45

A mature follicle and lined by Zona pellucida

Front 46

nuclear maturation

Back 46

genetic material reduction

Front 47

cytoplasmatic maturation

Back 47

changes in oocyte cytoplasm necessary to fertilization and the rapidly cleaving embryo

Front 48

cortical granules do what?

Back 48

participate in the block to polyspermy

Front 49

Zona pellucida is a?

Back 49

15μm gel border of the sec. oocyte, consisted of glycoproteins, It is recognized by sperm cells.

Front 50

Oocyte growts alot at the diplotene stage, what happens?

Back 50

Synthesize substances necessary during fertilization, the content of RNA increases 20x, and proteins 100x. Oocyte diameter increases causing the 100x increase of cell’s volume. Zona pellucida is forming.

Front 51

Secondary oocyte has

Back 51

Zona pellucida, Cortical granules, Materials needed for early development (glycogen, lipids, some proteins).

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Nondisjunction?

Back 52

is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis stage 1 or stage 2,

Front 53

Aneuploidy?

Back 53

Aneuploidy is an abnormal number of chromosomes within a cell, and is a type of chromosome abnormality.

Front 54

Polyploidy?

Back 54

Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes

Front 55

Trisomy?

Back 55

A trisomy is a type of polysomy in which there are three instances of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two

Front 56

Monosomy?

Back 56

Monosomy is a form of aneuploidy with the presence of only one chromosome (instead of the typical two in humans) from a pair

Front 57

Mosaicism?

Back 57

a mosaic denotes the presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual who has developed from a single fertilized egg

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Ovarys do what?

Back 58

Produce female hormones, produces eggs, prepares the endometrium of uterus to implant ion of fertilized egg

Front 59

ovarian cycle, hormones and function

Back 59

controlled by pituitary gland(FSH,LH), follicle maturation and corpus luteum differentiation

Front 60

Menstrual cycle, hormones and function

Back 60

controlled by ovary(estrogens, progesterone), prepare endometrium of the uterus for embryo implantation

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LH peaks and starts?

Back 61

ovulation (ovum leaves folicle), before that however it acts to stimulate sec. oocyte production

Front 62

FSH is more active before ovulation-why?

Back 62

Stimulate follicular growth and To stimulate estrogen production which intrun stimulate endometrium growth.

Front 63

corpus luteum stimulates release of?

Back 63

progesterone to continue endometrium growth.

Front 64

what is acrosin?

Back 64

a serine proteinase,released from the acrosome of sperm, It aids in the penetration of the Zona Pellucida.

Front 65

fertilized egg is called?

Back 65

ZYGOTE

Front 66

Primary oocyte surrounded by?

Back 66

follicular cells

Front 67

Name the two main gropes ADHESION MOLECULES

Back 67

CAM (cell adhesion molecules, on plasma membrane)
SAM, (substrate adhesion molecules) outside cell in the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Front 68

Name a few CAM ADHESION MOLECULES

Back 68

Integrins, IgCAMs, Selectins

Front 69

Name a few SAM ADHESION MOLECULES

Back 69

Fibronectin, Trombospondin

Front 70

Function(4) of ADHESION MOLECULES

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1. cell adherence to surface or another cell
2. morphogenetic movements of cells
3. transduction of growth and differentiation signals into cell
4. cell shape

Front 71

INTEGRINS are what and do what?

Back 71

-CAM ADHESION MOLECULE,
-are cell surface receptors that bind the cell to the ECM
-serve as a link between the ECM and the cytoskeleton
-Its involved in fertilization, implantation and movements

Front 72

tertiary follicule is the

Back 72

last stage before ovulation