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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stages of pregnancy can be calculated from what 2 starting points?
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fertilization or last normal menstrual period
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What processes form gametes in males and females?
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meioisis/gametogenesis, specifically spermatogenesis or oogenesis
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First meiotic division goes from diploid to ...
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haploid
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Second meiotic division results in ...
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haploid gametes (chormatids)
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What is nondisjunction?
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abnormal number of a chromosome due to improper separation
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Spermatogensis beings with what cell?
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spermatogonia
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Primary spermatocytes become secondary spermatocytes by what process?
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meiosis 1
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After meiosis 2, secondary spermatocytes become ...
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spermatids
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Spermiogenesis is the process of converting ______ into mature sperm?
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spermatids
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How long does spermiogenesis take?
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2 months
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After spermiogenesis, where do the sperms go?
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seminiferous tubules to interact with Sertoli cells
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Sertoli cell function?
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regulate spermiogenesis
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Epididymis function?
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give sperm their motility
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How does sperm get from the epididymis to the urethra?
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ductus deferens
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Cap of the sperm with digestive enzymes is called ...
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acrosome
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What part of the tail contains mitochondria?
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middle piece
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How do we get to a mature follicle, starting from primordial follicle?
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primordial, primary, secondary, mature
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The sperm must break through what layer to reach the oocyte pronucleus?
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zona pellucida
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How does the oocyte maturation stop after meiosis 1?
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they secrete oocyte maturation inhibitor
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When does meiosis 2 occur in oogenesis?
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after sperm has fertilized
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How many primary oocytes form in females after birth?
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none, all are formed before birth
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What results after the 1st meiotic division in oogenesis?
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secondary oocyte and 1st polar body
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Ideal age for females to reproduce?
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18-35
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What % of sperm in ejaculate is abnormal?
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10%, but these usually don't make it far due to decreased motility
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Uterus 3 layers
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perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
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3 layers of endometrium
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compact, spongy, basal
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What layers of the endometrium slough off during menstruation?
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compact and spongy: the functional layer
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4 parts of the uterine tube
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infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine tube
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FSH functions
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stimulate follicle maturation and estrogen production by follicles
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LH function
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trigger ovulation and progesterone production by follicle cells
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Secondary follicle are easily identified by the presence of ...
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an antrum
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The theca interna and externa are first seen in what stage of oogenesis?
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primary follicle
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Follicular fluid is created by ...
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theca interna
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LH surge occurs during what days of the cycle ...
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13-14
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LH surge causes ovulation. What happens to the follicle?
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ruptures and releases secondary oocyte into fallopian tube
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What layers cover the secondary oocyte?
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zona pellucida and corona radiata over everything
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Sperm bind to what protein on the zona pellucida?
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ZP3
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What is mittelschmerz?
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abdominal pain due to ovulation. bleeding into peritoneal cavity is seen
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What is clomiphene citrate?
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used to treat anovulation. stimulates FSH/LH release
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What does the corpus luteum do?
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secretes progesteron and estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation
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What maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy?
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HCG
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Where is HCG secreted from?
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synctiotrophoblast of the blastocyst
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If oocyte is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates how many days after ovulation?
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10-12 days later
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What is a corpus ablicans?
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scar tissue in the ovary form the a degenerating corpus luteum
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Length of menstruation cycle
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25-35 days
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In anovulatory menstruation, there is no _____ phase of the menstrual cycle?
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luteal
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proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle lasts how long?
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9 days
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Luteal phase of menstruation is regulated by what hormone?
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progesterone
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Function of luteal phase of menstruation?
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prepare the endometrium for implantation
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Proliferative phase of menstruation is regulated by what hormone?
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estrogen
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Proliferative phase function
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grow back the functional layer of endometrium
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Ischemic phase of menstruation function
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unfertilized oocyte leads to death of the functional layer as arteries constrict
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During sperm transport, emission is a (sympathetic/parasympathetic) response?
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sympathetics
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Vagina is (acidic or basic)?
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acidic
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uterus is acidic or basic?
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basic
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What is capacitation?
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7 hours of trying to get through zona pellucida
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Fertilization usually occurs in what part of fallopian tube?
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ampulla
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What enzyme is released for sperm during acrosomal reaction?
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hyaluronidase
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What 3 enzymes from sperm lyse the zona pellucida?
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esterases, acrosin, neuramidases
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Female pronucleus forms when ...
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second meiotic division is complete (after fertilization)
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What protein can be detected in maternal serum within a few days of fertilization?
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early pregnancy factor
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Why are babies more likely to be males more likely than females?
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Y chromosome makes sperm lighter and more motile, can outcompete heavier sperm with X chromosome (2.8% more DNA)
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Zygotes begin cleavage to form ...
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blastomeres
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After the 9 cell stage, blastomeres undergo what process?
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compaction to fit more cells in the blastomere
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Outer layer of blastocyst is called ...
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trophoblast
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Inner cells of blastocyst are called ...
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embryoblast
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Zona pellucida degenerates from the blastocyst after how many days?
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2
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Blastocyst attaches to endomterium after how many days after fertilization?
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6 days
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Once attached to the endometrium, the blastocyst proliferates into what 2 layers?
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synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
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First appearance of a hypoblast (days after fertilization)?
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7
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The blastocyst attaches to the endometrium at what part of the blastocyst?
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embryonic pole (cluster of embryoblasts)
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