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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. The most common ventricular septal defect is a:
A. persistent truncus arteriosus - always accompanied by ventricular septal defect B. membranous septal defect C. common ventricle D. foramen secundum defect |
B. membranous septal defect
Ventricular septal defects Membranous ventricular septal defects Most common ventricular septal defect Membranous portion of ventricular septum fails to form Muscular ventricular septal defect Frequently multiple small openings Caused by excessive cavitation during wall formation Absence of interventricular septum Common ventricle Failure of muscular septum to form |
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2. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve recurs around the: arch 6
A. left primary bronchus B. left subclavian artery C. ductus arteriosus D. left common carotid artery |
C. ductus arteriosus
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3. Which of the three primary germ layers forms the endocardial heart tube of the embryo?
A. ectoderm B. mesoderm C. endoderm |
B. mesoderm
Early development During week 3 angioblast cords-splanchnic mesoderm Heart beat and blood flow first detected during week 4 Endocardial heart tubes Initially anterior to prechordal plate; transported by embryonic folding to ventral portion of neck and then thorax Fuse to form single tube-become endothelial lining of the heart Primordial myocardium Surrounds endocardial tube Splanchnic mesoderm Becomes myocardium |
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4. The hepatic sinusoids of the adult liver are derived from the:
A. posterior cardinal veins B. supracardinal veins C. subcardinal veins D. vitelline veins |
D. vitelline veins
Vitelline veins Plexus around developing duodenum Hepatic portal vein Plexus in septum transversum invested by developing liver cords Hepatic sinusoids and hepatic veings Hepatic portion of inferior vena cava from right vitelline Umbilical veins Right vein regresses Left vein between liver and sinus venosus regresses Left vein persists as umbilical vein-carried all oxygenated blood from placenta to embryo Shunt in liver-ductus venosus-shifts blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava bypassing liver Cardinal veins Anterior cardinals Shunt shifts most blood to right anterior cardinal-becomes left brachiocephalic vein Right anterior cardinal and common cardinal form superior vena cava Posterior cardinals Mostly regresses From foot of azygos vein and common iliac veins Replaced by supracardinals and subcardinals Supracardinal veins Drain body wall via intercostals veins Subcardinal veins Drain developing kidneys |
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5. Which of the following is frequently seen in premature infants?
A. patent ductus arteriosus B. coarctation of the aorta C. double aortic arch D. common atrium |
A. patent ductus arteriosus
Patent ductus arteriosus May be associated with rubella infection during first trimester May be present in premature infants Respiratory distress syndrome can contribute |
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6. The coronary sinus is derived from the:
A. truncus arteriosus B. bulbus cordis C. primitive ventricle D. sinus venosus |
D. sinus venosus
Divisions-caudal to cranial Sinus venosus (right atrium) Receives blood Fixed in place by septum transversum Develops right and left horns Atrium (right and left atria) Atriventricular canal (AV valves) Ventricle (left ventricle) Bulbus cordis Proximal: trabeculated portion of right ventricle Distal: conus cordis; outflow tracts of both ventricles Truncus arteriosus (roots of pulmonary trunk and aorta) Distributes blood Continuous cranially with aortic sac Fixed in place by pharyngeal arches |
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7. The proximal part of the aorta is derived from the:
A. truncus arteriosus B. bulbus cordis C. primitive ventricle D. sinus venosus |
A. truncus arteriosus
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8. The trabeculated part of the right ventricle is derived from the:
A. truncus arteriosus B. bulbus cordis C. primitive ventricle D. sinus venosus |
B. bulbus cordis
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9. The conus cordis is derived from the:
A. truncus arteriosus B. bulbus cordis C. primitive ventricle D. sinus venosus |
B. bulbus cordis
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10. A muscular ventricular septal defect is a defect in the _____ septum.
A. aorticopulmonary B. atrial C. atrioventricular D. interventricular |
D. interventricular
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11. The proximal part of the internal carotid artery is derived from aortic arch:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 |
C. 3
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12. A portion of the arch of the aorta is derived from aortic arch:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 |
D. 4
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13. The renal veins are derived from which of the following?
A. vitelline veins B. umbilical veins C. subcardinal veins D. posterior cardinal veins |
C. subcardinal veins
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14. The right atrium of the adult heart is derived from the:
A. sinus venosus B. primitive atrium C. both D. neither |
C. both
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15. In the primitive heart tube, the sinus venosus is _____ to the truncus arteriosus.
A. cranial B. caudal |
B. caudal
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16. In the primitive heart tube, the bulbus cordis is continuous cranially with the ____ and caudally with the _____.
A. atrium, ventricle B. ventricle, sinus venosus C. truncus arteriosus, sinus venosus D. truncus arteriosus, ventricle |
D. truncus arteriosus, ventricle
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17. Which of the following persist throughout fetal development?
A. foramen primum B. foramen secundum C. both D. neither |
B. foramen secundum
Atrium Portioning by 2 septa Septum primum-from roof of common atrium Foramen primum (ostium primum)-(obliterated) Foramen secundum (ostium secundum) Septum secundum –to right of septum primum Foramen ovale |
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18. Which of the following is an opening in septum secundum?
A. foramen primum B. foramen secundum C. foramen ovale D. interventricular foramen |
C. foramen ovale
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19. During the partitioning of the heart into right and left, the endocardial cushions fuse with:
A. septum primum B. bulbar ridges C. both D. neither |
C. both
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20. The primordial interventricular septum becomes the muscular portion of the adult interventricular septum.
A. true B. false |
A. true
Ventricle Primordial interventricular septum Muscular ridge Midline near apex Beomces muscular part of IV septum |
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21. Septum secundum forms within the developing:
A. left atrium B. right atrium C. left ventricle D. right ventricle |
B. right atrium
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22. Which of the following divides the atrioventricular canal into left and right passages?
A. septum primum B. septum secundum C. truncal ridges (and bulbar) - continuous with one another; derived from neural crest D. endocardial cushions |
D. endocardial cushions
Portioning of atrioventricular canal Endocardial cushions-form dorsal and ventral walls Divide AV canal into left and right canals |
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23. Ostium secundum defects are due to faulty development of:
A. truncal ridges B. bulbar ridges C. endocardial cushions D. septum primum |
D. septum primum
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24. Interventricular septal defects are seen in which of the following conditions?
A. persistent truncus arteriosus B. unequal division of the truncus arteriosus C. both D. neither |
C. both
(see ventricular septal defects in #1) Persistent truncus arteriosus Failure of truncal ridges and aorticopulmonary septum transversum Common vessel drains heart and supplies systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulation Always accompanied by ventricular septal defect Transportation of the great vessels Most common cause of cyanotic heart disease Most common arrangement Aorta anterior and to right of pulmonary trunk Aorta arises from right ventricle Pulmonary trunk arises from left ventricle Accompanied by atrial septal defect and occasionally persistent ductus arteriosus May be due to failure of aortiocopulmonary septum to spiral during development Unequal division of truncus arteriosus Faulty partioning Includes IV septal defect May include stenosis of valves Pulmonary valve stenosis or infundibular stenosis results in hypertrophy of the right ventricle Teratology of Fallot Most common abnormality involving conotruncal region Four defects due to unequal division Pulmonary stenosis Ventricular septal defect Overriding aorta Right ventricular hypertrophy |
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25. Which of the following occurs if the aorticopulmonary septum fails to spiral?
A. persistent truncus arteriosus B. unequal division of the truncus arteriosus C. transposition of the great vessels D. Tetralogy of Fallot |
C. transposition of the great vessels
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26. Constriction of the aorta proximal to the entry of the ductus arteriosus results in the condition known as postductal coarctation of the aorta.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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27. The left subclavian artery is derived from the:
A. left 7th intersegmental artery B. left aortic arch 4 C. both D. neither |
A. left 7th intersegmental artery
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28. The brachiocephalic trunk is derived from the left horn of the aortic sac.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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29. The ductus arteriosus is derived from the ___ 6th aortic arch.
A. left B. right |
A. left
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30. The maxillary artery is derived from aortic arch:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 |
A. 1
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31. The hepatic portal vein develops from the:
A. umbilical veins B. vitelline veins C. subcardinal veins D. posterior cardinal veins |
B. vitelline veins
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32. The left brachiocephalic vein connects the ______ vein with the _______ vein.
A. left anterior cardinal, left common cardinal B. left anterior cardinal, right anterior cardinal C. left common cardinal, left posterior cardinal D. left posterior cardinal, right posterior cardinal |
B. left anterior cardinal, right anterior cardinal
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33. The superior vena cava is derived from the _____ common cardinal vein.
A. left B. right C. both D. neither |
B. right
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34. The ___ umbilical vein normally regresses early in development, leaving only one umbilical vein to deliver blood from the placenta to the fetus.
A. left B. right |
B. right
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35. Which of the following contribute to the formation of the inferior vena cava?
A. subcardinal veins B. supracardinal veins C. sacrocardinal veins D. all of the above |
D. all of the above
Inferior vena cava-4 segments Hepatic segment-from hepatic vein (right vitelline) Prerenal segment-right subcardinal Renal segment-subcardinal and supracardinal anastomoses Postrenal-from right supracardinal veins |
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36. Which of the following allow blood to bypass the lungs during fetal life?
A. ductus arteriosus B. ductus venosus C. both D. neither |
A. ductus arteriosus
Liver bypass Ductus venosus-connects umbilical vein with inferior vena cava Physiological sphincter regulates flow Lung bypass Blood from inferior vena cava directed through foramen ovale into left atrium Crista dividens Provides highly oxygenated blood for distribution to head, neck, heart, and upper extremities Blood from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk Part of lungs (10%) Most through ductus arteriosus to descending aorta |
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37. Which of the following develops from the ductus venosus?
A. medial umbilical ligament B. ligamentum teres hepatis C. median umbilical ligament D. ligamentum venosum |
D. ligamentum venosum
Umbilical vein-ligamentum teres hepatic; from umbilicus to portal vein in liver Ductus venosus-ligamentum venosum; within liver between portal vein and inferior vena cava Umbilical arteries-medial umbilical ligament and superior vesical arteries (bladder) Foramen ovale-fossa ovalis Functional closure at birth Anatomic closure by 3 months Ductus arteriosus-ligamentum arteriosum by 12 weeks |
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38. The foramen ovale functionally closes at birth primarily because of bradykinin.
A. true B. false |
B. false
Closure of foramen ovale By increased pressure in left atrium and decreased pressure in right atrium Holds valve closed |
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39. The foramen ovale allows blood to bypass the ____ circulation.
A. systemic B. pulmonary C. neither |
B. pulmonary
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40. At the time of birth the foramen ovale closes functionally ____ the ductus arteriosus.
A. earlier than B. later than C. at the same time as |
A. earlier than
Foramen ovale-fossa ovalis Functional closure at birth Anatomic closure by 3 months Ductus arteriosus Pulmonary resistance lower than systemic resistance Flow through ductus arteriosus ceases Functionally closed within 2-3 days; anatomic closure by 4 months |
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41. The trachea is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium derived from:
A. ectoderm B. endoderm C. somatic mesoderm D. splanchnic mesoderm |
B. endoderm
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42. The smooth muscle connective tissue and cartilage of the primary bronchus are derived from:
A. ectoderm B. endoderm C. somatic mesoderm D. splanchnic mesoderm |
D. splanchnic mesoderm
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43. Which of the following is responsible for separating the respiratory diverticulum from the primitive foregut?
A. laryngotracheal groove B. posterior esophageal folds C. tracheoesophageal septum D. bronchopulmonary segment |
C. tracheoesophageal septum
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44. Children born with respiratory distress syndrome frequently have immature type II cells in the alveoli.
A. true B. false |
A. true
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS); hyaline membrane disease Associated with prematurity Insufficient surfactant causes alveoli to collapse |
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45. At which of the following developmental stages is the fetus absolutely not viable?
A. terminal sac B. alveolar C. canalicular D. pseudoglandular |
D. pseudoglandular
Developmental stages Pseduoglandular-5-17 weeks; terminal bronchioles only; no respiration possible Canalicular-16-25 weeks; respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts Terminal sac-24 weeks-birth; primitive alveoli with type I and II cells Alveolar-late fetal-8 years; mature alveoli; additional respiratory structures (bronchioles, ducts, sacs, and alveoli) |
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46. Kupffer cells of the adult liver are derived from:
A. ectoderm B. endoderm C. somatic mesoderm D. splanchnic mesoderm |
D. splanchnic mesoderm
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47. Which of the following arteries supplies derivatives of the foregut?
A. left umbilical artery B. superior mesenteric artery C. celiac trunk D. intercostal arteries |
C. celiac trunk
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MATCH THE FOLLOWING WITH ITS EMBRYONIC ORIGIN.
48. stomach 49. duodenum 50. transverse colon A. foregut B. midgut C. hindgut D. foregut and midgut E. midgut and hindgut |
48. stomach A. foregut
49. duodenum D. foregut and midgut 50. transverse colon E. midgut and hindgut |
