Embryo Module 2

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Gametogenesis

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is the development and maturation of sex cells

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called gametes

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Gametes

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sex cells

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spermatozoa

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matured sex cells of the male

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Egg cell

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matured sex cells of female

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Germ line

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lineage of cells from which gametes arise

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Primordial germ cells (PGCs)

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cells which produce the gametes

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Somatic cells

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cells which are produced by non-germ line cells

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In mammals

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primordial germ cells arise from yolk sac endoderm. The cells migrate around the gut to the mesentery into the gonad.

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In birds and reptiles

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they travel through the blood stream and into the gonads

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Gametogenesis

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occur in the repoductive tract of the male(testes) and female(ovaries)

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Spermatogenesis

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gametogenesis for male

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Oogenesis

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gametogenesis for female

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Meiosis and Cytodifferentiation

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development of specialized cells (muscle, blood, or nerve cells) from indifferentiated cells

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Meiosis

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is a process where a single cell divides

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MI and MII

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two successive meiosis that occur during gametogenesis

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Meosis 1

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homologous chromosome separate to produce diploid daughter cells

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Meiosis 2

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the sister chromatids that separate results to haploid daughter cells

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Polyploidy

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more than 2 sets of chromosomes

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In males

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meiosis starts from the onset of puberty throughout the entire reproductive life

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In females

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meosis starts before birth and completion is upon fertilization

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Chromatin

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when the nuclear DNA exists or appear as grainy material

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Chromosome

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when the DNA condensed and coiled into X-shaped form, and the cell is about to divide and its DNA has been replicated during the S phase of interphase

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Chromatids

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are two identical(sister) copies of chromosome joined together at a region called centromere

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Chromatids

Centromere

Short arm

Long arm

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Chromosome showing...

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Cell cycle

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is a series of events repeatedly occuring during growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division

simple in prokaryotes but complicated in eukaryotes hehe

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Interphase

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the cells grows, performs routine life processes and prepares to divide

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In eukaryotes

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interphase is subdivided into three phases: G1, S, G2

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Growth Phase 1 (G1)

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the cell undergoes rapid growthvane is metabolically active.

longest phase of the cell cycle

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Growth Phase 1 (G1)

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Amino acids and proteins needed for DNA replication are synthesized during this phase

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Resting phase (G0 phase)

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characterized by non dividing or cells that stop dividing and leave the cell cycle

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Normally after about 50 cell division

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when normal diploid cells lose their ability to divide as DNA damage or degredation

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Synthesis phase (S)

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dividing cells enter that phase from G1

DNA replication occur for two genetically identified daughter cells

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Synthesis phase (S)

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during this phase, the amount of DNA in the cell has effectively doubled, though the cell remains in a diploid state

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Growth (Gap) phase 2 (G2)

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This is shortened growth peroid in which many organelles are reproduced or manufactured

Parts necessary for mitosis and cell division are made including microtubules

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Mitotic (M) phase

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After the interphase, the cells enter in which the nucleus (karyokinesis) and then the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) divide

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MItosis

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a process wherein a cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division) with the same diploid number of chromosomes

(2N)

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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

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Four phases of mitosis

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Prophase

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during this phase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes and become nuclear membrane(envelope enclosing the nucleus) breakdown

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Prophase

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Centrioles move towards the opposite poles

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Prophase

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First and longest phase of mitosis

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Metaphase

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chromatids align at the equatorial plane, or center of the cell. The spindel fibers ensure that sister chromatids separate and go to different daughter cells when the cell divides

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Metaphase

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Some spindles do not attach with the centromeres of chromosomes, rather, they attach with each other and grow longer making the whole cell wall elongate

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Anaphase

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sister chromatids separate, move towards opposite pole and the centromere divide.

The pulling apart of the sister chromatids is brought about by shortening of spindle fibers

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Telophase

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Chromosomes reach the opposite poles and begin to decondensed(unravel) relaxing once again into stretched-out chromatin configuration

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Telophase

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Nuclear envelopes form around the chromosome,and nucleosomes appear within the nuclear area

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Prometaphase

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Nuclear envelope breakdowns

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Telophase

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Daughter chromosome reach the poles and form two new nuclei

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Spermatogenesis

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is the process of development and transformation of germinal epithelial cells (stem cells) to spermatozoa

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Spermatogenesis

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this phenomena occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles

Divided into Spermatocytogenesis and Spermiogenesis

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Spermatocytogenesis

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is the proliferative phase wherein the spermatogonial cells multiply and by a series of mitotic division followed by meiotic division to produce haploid

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Spermiogenesis or spermiohistogenesis

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is the maturation/differentiation of the spermatids while they are still in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

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Spermatocytogenesis

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starts in the stratified epithelium of the seminiferous tubules, classified as such because layered appearance of the differentiating cells, spermatogonia from the basal layer towards the apical lumen

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The head of the spermatozoa

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is oval shape which includes the nucleus containing the haploid number of chromosome

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Acrosome

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a cap which contains enzymes, hyaluronidase and hormone, acrosin to permit penetration to the ovum

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Midpiece

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is the so called power plant of the sperm

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The tail

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consist of a flagellum for propelling movement of the sperm cell during its travel to the reproductive tract of the female(coitus)

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Spermiation

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the release/migration of matured spermatids into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules to the efferent duct(epididymis) of the male tract

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Oogenesis

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is the development and maturation of egg cell/ovum

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Mare

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the ovaries are kidney shaped

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Follicles

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contain the oocytes surrounded by follicular cells

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Folliculogenesis

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development of the follicle which occur during estrus cycle

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Primordial follicle

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a follicle containing the primary oocyte enclosed by a single layer of flat, follicular epithelial cells

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Primary follicle

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a little larger than the primordial follicle, contains the primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal follicular cells

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Secondary follicle

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when two or more layers of cuboidal follicular cellssurround the oocyte and with a small or no antrum.

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Tertiary follicle

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a follicle with already a characteristic antrum

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Graafian / vesicular / follicle

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a large, mature follicle containing thesecondary oocyte that bulges from thesurface of the ovary.

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Vitelline membrane

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cellmembrane intimately enclosing theoocyte

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Zona pellucida

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an acellular layerlocated between the vitellinemembrane of the oocyte and the follicular cells.

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Granulosa cells

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squamous follicular cells which become cuboidal as thefollicle matures

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Corona radiate

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layers of follicular cells directly adjacent to the zonapellucida of the oocyte

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Cumulus oophorus

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mound of granulosa cells on which the oocyte sits

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Antrum

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a fluid filled cavity of the follicle

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Liquor folliculi

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fluid inside the antrum secreted by the follicular cells

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Folliculogenesis

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Coinciding oogenesis is the development and maturation of follicles

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Ovulation

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is the process where the matured follicle burst with the liberation of theovum.

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Corpus luteum

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The remnant of the follicle

Secretes progesterone formaintenance of pregnancy

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Spontaneous ovulation

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eggs can be released with or without copulation. Inoccurs in most species.

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Induced ovulation

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requires stimulation from males

Cats, rabbits, camels, and ferrets.