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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
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steps of oogenesis
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- PGC from yolk sac travel to ovary
-differentitate into oogonia and mitosis to populate ovary - by 5mo all have turned into primary oocyte dormant in prophase I - at ovulation complete meiosis I, arrest at metaphase II until fertilization |
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ploidy and N
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ploidy - number of chromosomes
N = amount of DNA |
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steps of spermatogenesis
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- PGC arrive in testes at week 4 and remain dormant
- at puberty differentitate into type A spermatogonia -> mitosis - some type A -> type B spermatogonia -> primary spermatocytes -> meiosis I (secodary spermatocytes) and II (spermatids) |
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risk for older men and women
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women
- down men - achondroplasia - Marfan syndrome |
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male fertility
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20 - 100 million sperm/mL with up to 10% deformed
less than 10 million is sterile |
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clomiphene citrate
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blocks estrogen binding sites on pituitary
stimulates FSH and LH and induces ovulation |
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chance of pregnancy
2 1 0 1 after ovulation |
2 -- 27 %
1 -- 31 % 0 -- 33 % 1 -- 0% |
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bilaminar embryonic disk made of
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epiblast -> amniotic caivty
hypoblast -> lines exocoelomic cavity (primitive yolk sac) |
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prochordal plate
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fusion of hypoblast and epiblast
future mouth |
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syncytiotrophoblast
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cytotrophoblast -> syncytiotrophoblast
make lacunar network which is uteroplacental circulation |
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cytotrophoblast
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mitotically active
cells make primary chorionic vilii |
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extraembryonic mesoderm
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develops from epiblast
cells between exocoelomic membrane and cytotrophoblast extraembryonic coelom develops within and divides the mesoderm into somatic and visceral |
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extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
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lines trophoblast
forms connecting stalk covers amnion |
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extraembryonic visceral mesoderm
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covers yolk sac
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chorion
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consists of
- extraembryonic somatic mesoderm - cytotrophoblast - syncytiotrophoblast |
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hCG
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glycoprotein made by syncytiotrophoblast
stimulates corpus luteum to make progesterone (necessary until week 8) in blood at day 8 in urine at day 10 low value - spontaneous abortion or ectopic pregnancy high value - multiple pregnancies, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, hydratiform mole |
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hydratiform mole
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abnormal placenta - enlarged chorionic villi
complete - edema of chorionic villi and no fetus |
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gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN)
choriocarcinoma |
malignant trophoblast tumor
elevated hCG |
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RU-486
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progesterone receptor antagonist
initiates menstruation - abortificant |
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nageles rule
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LNMP - 3 months + year and 7 days
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alpha fetoprotein AFP
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synthesized in fetal liver and yolk sac
unknown function measured at 16 weeks |
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elevated AFP
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NTD (anencephaly and spina bifida)
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low AFP
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down syndrome
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triple screen measures
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alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) estriol (UE3) dimeric inhibin A (DIA) |
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range for performing amniocentesis
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15-17 weeks
early - 12 weeks |
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3 functions of placenta
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metabolism
transport of substances endocrine secretion |
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placenta synthesizes
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glycogen
cholesterol fatty acids |
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things that pass through placenta by simple diffusion
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oxygen
carbon dioxide water glucose electrolytes |
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placenta - things that pass by facilitated diffusion
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enzymes
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things that cross placenta
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free fatty acids
vitamins hormones antibodies |
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which antibodies pass through
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alpha and beta DO NOT
many gamma, esp. IgG PASS |
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Rh conflict
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fetus has Rh antigen on RBC
mother makes antibodies against it |
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volume of amniotic fluid
composition |
30ml at week 10
1 L at week 37 99% water fetal epithelial cells, organic/inorganic salts fetal urine which has enzymes, hormones, etc. |
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role of amniotic fluid
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barrier to infection
lung development protection, growth, movement temp control |
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oligohydramnions
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< 1/2 L
potter syndrome absence of fetal urine in amniotic fluid due to renal agenesis |
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polihydramnions
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> 2 L
when fetus doesnt drink amniotic fluid CNS anomalies or esophageal atresia |
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allantois
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makes blood in weeks 3-5
its blood vessels -> umbilical vein and arteries becomes median umbilical ligament |
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yolk sac
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makes blood in weeks 3 - ?
transfers nutrients during weeks 2-3 its endoderm -> epithelium of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract PGC appear in week 3 may persist as Meckel's diverticulum |
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parturition
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less nutrients and space = stress
hypothalamus - CRH - ACTH - Cortisol Posterior Pituitary - oxytocin - prostaglandins - estrogens |
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progesterone produced by
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not pregnant
- ovaries - testes - adrenal cortex pregnant - corpus luteum - placenta |
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functions of progesterone
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- prepares endometrium for implantation
- maintains endometrium - relax myometrium - prevents uterine contractons - stimulates increased production of aldosterone - precursor for fetal hormones |
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hPL
human placental lactogen functions |
- induces lipolysis and elevates plasma free fatty acids
- induces insulin resistance and carb intolerance in mother - inhibits gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake in mother - elevates plasma insulin in mother |
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prolactin sources in pregnancy
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decidua
ant pituitary of mother and fetus |
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prolactin functions
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- preps mammary glands for lactation
- amniotic fluid, fluid and electrolyte regulation |
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alpha subunit of hCG is similar to
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LH
FSH TSH (beta subunit is unique) |
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functions of hCG
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- stimulates progesterone production by corpus luteum
- stimulates Leydig cells of fetus to make T - can be used to stimulate ovulation |
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low levels of estiol associated with
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- fetal demise
- anencephaly - metarnal ingestion of corticosteroids - CAH - placental sulfatase deficiency |
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decline in estriol or no increased levels associated with
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- maternal renal disease
- hypertensive disease during pregnancy - preeclampsia and eclampsia - intrauterine growth retardation |
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2/3 of twins
increase with maternal age hereditary influence |
dizygotic
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heroin
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severe neonatal withdrawal
death in 3-5% babies |
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PCP
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facial abnormalities
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cocaine
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congenital malformations
low birthweight |
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smoking
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- increaesed perinatal mortality
- preterm delivery - premature membrane rupture - bleeding during pregnancy |
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alcohol
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30% of kids have FAS
intrauterine growth retardation RR=3 behavioral disorders |
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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most common known teratogenic cause of mental retardation
- mental retardation - growth retardation - abnormal face - ocular and joint anomalies - cardiac defects |
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teratogens
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1. vit A
2. alcohol 3. steroids 4. caffeine 5. live-virus vaccines 6. diphenylhydantoin 7. thalidomide 8. valproic acid 9. streptomycin 10. tatraccline 11. diethylostilbestrol |
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developmental stages in teratology
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0-11: resistant
11-57: max susceptibility (embryonic) 57 on: lower susceptibility (fetal) -- growth retardation -- reduction of organ size -- functional derangement of organ system |
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birth defects cause in....%
teratogenic agent in ....% |
3%
50% |
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safe antibiotics
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prenicillin
ampicillin amoxicillin |
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antibiotics with increased CV defects
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trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole
aka bactrim or septra |
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tetracyclin
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brown tooth discoloration
inhibition of bone growth in premies |
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aminoglycosides
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congenital deafness
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triad of infection
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- chorioretinitis
- hydrocephaly or microcephaly - cerebral calcification |
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etiology of infertility
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anovulation 10-15%
pelvic factor 30-40% male factor 30-40% abnormal penetration of cervical mucus by sperm 10-15% unexplained 10% |
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Most common viral infection causing malformations
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CMV
Infects 1-2% of all infants in utero |
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Congenital cataracts caused by
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Alcohol
Rubella virus (if infection during 6th wk) CMV |
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Most common infection to cause hydrocephaly
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Toxoplasmosis – caused by protozoan
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Testes and ovaries develop from three sources
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-Mesothelium lining the posterior abdominal wall
-Underlying mesenchyme -The primordial germ cells |
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Indifferent gonad contains external cortex and internal medulla
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XX – medulla regresses
XY – cortex regresses |
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5 tropic hormones
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TSH
FSH ACTH LH MSH |
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function of FSH and LH in males
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FSH - sertoli cells to make ABP (androgen binding protein - receptor for T)
LH - leydig cells to make T |
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semen comes from
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2/3 seminal vesicles
1/3 prostate few drops bulbourethral slightly basic |
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carro
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car
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rojo
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red
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es el carro rojo?
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is the car red?
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