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75 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
steps of oogenesis
- PGC from yolk sac travel to ovary

-differentitate into oogonia and mitosis to populate ovary

- by 5mo all have turned into primary oocyte dormant in prophase I

- at ovulation complete meiosis I, arrest at metaphase II until fertilization
ploidy and N
ploidy - number of chromosomes

N = amount of DNA
steps of spermatogenesis
- PGC arrive in testes at week 4 and remain dormant

- at puberty differentitate into type A spermatogonia -> mitosis

- some type A -> type B spermatogonia -> primary spermatocytes -> meiosis I (secodary spermatocytes) and II (spermatids)
risk for older men and women
women
- down

men
- achondroplasia
- Marfan syndrome
male fertility
20 - 100 million sperm/mL with up to 10% deformed

less than 10 million is sterile
clomiphene citrate
blocks estrogen binding sites on pituitary
stimulates FSH and LH and induces ovulation
chance of pregnancy
2
1
0
1 after ovulation
2 -- 27 %
1 -- 31 %
0 -- 33 %
1 -- 0%
bilaminar embryonic disk made of
epiblast -> amniotic caivty

hypoblast -> lines exocoelomic cavity (primitive yolk sac)
prochordal plate
fusion of hypoblast and epiblast
future mouth
syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast -> syncytiotrophoblast

make lacunar network which is uteroplacental circulation
cytotrophoblast
mitotically active

cells make primary chorionic vilii
extraembryonic mesoderm
develops from epiblast

cells between exocoelomic membrane and cytotrophoblast

extraembryonic coelom develops within and divides the mesoderm into somatic and visceral
extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
lines trophoblast
forms connecting stalk
covers amnion
extraembryonic visceral mesoderm
covers yolk sac
chorion
consists of
- extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
- cytotrophoblast
- syncytiotrophoblast
hCG
glycoprotein made by syncytiotrophoblast

stimulates corpus luteum to make progesterone (necessary until week 8)

in blood at day 8
in urine at day 10

low value - spontaneous abortion or ectopic pregnancy

high value - multiple pregnancies, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, hydratiform mole
hydratiform mole
abnormal placenta - enlarged chorionic villi

complete - edema of chorionic villi and no fetus
gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN)
choriocarcinoma
malignant trophoblast tumor
elevated hCG
RU-486
progesterone receptor antagonist
initiates menstruation - abortificant
nageles rule
LNMP - 3 months + year and 7 days
alpha fetoprotein AFP
synthesized in fetal liver and yolk sac

unknown function

measured at 16 weeks
elevated AFP
NTD (anencephaly and spina bifida)
low AFP
down syndrome
triple screen measures
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
estriol (UE3)

dimeric inhibin A (DIA)
range for performing amniocentesis
15-17 weeks
early - 12 weeks
3 functions of placenta
metabolism
transport of substances
endocrine secretion
placenta synthesizes
glycogen
cholesterol
fatty acids
things that pass through placenta by simple diffusion
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water
glucose
electrolytes
placenta - things that pass by facilitated diffusion
enzymes
things that cross placenta
free fatty acids
vitamins
hormones
antibodies
which antibodies pass through
alpha and beta DO NOT

many gamma, esp. IgG PASS
Rh conflict
fetus has Rh antigen on RBC
mother makes antibodies against it
volume of amniotic fluid
composition
30ml at week 10
1 L at week 37

99% water
fetal epithelial cells, organic/inorganic salts
fetal urine which has enzymes, hormones, etc.
role of amniotic fluid
barrier to infection
lung development
protection, growth, movement
temp control
oligohydramnions
< 1/2 L
potter syndrome
absence of fetal urine in amniotic fluid due to renal agenesis
polihydramnions
> 2 L
when fetus doesnt drink amniotic fluid
CNS anomalies or
esophageal atresia
allantois
makes blood in weeks 3-5
its blood vessels -> umbilical vein and arteries
becomes median umbilical ligament
yolk sac
makes blood in weeks 3 - ?

transfers nutrients during weeks 2-3

its endoderm -> epithelium of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract

PGC appear in week 3

may persist as Meckel's diverticulum
parturition
less nutrients and space = stress
hypothalamus - CRH
- ACTH
- Cortisol

Posterior Pituitary
- oxytocin
- prostaglandins
- estrogens
progesterone produced by
not pregnant
- ovaries
- testes
- adrenal cortex

pregnant
- corpus luteum
- placenta
functions of progesterone
- prepares endometrium for implantation
- maintains endometrium
- relax myometrium - prevents uterine contractons
- stimulates increased production of aldosterone
- precursor for fetal hormones
hPL
human placental lactogen functions
- induces lipolysis and elevates plasma free fatty acids
- induces insulin resistance and carb intolerance in mother
- inhibits gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake in mother
- elevates plasma insulin in mother
prolactin sources in pregnancy
decidua
ant pituitary of mother and fetus
prolactin functions
- preps mammary glands for lactation
- amniotic fluid, fluid and electrolyte regulation
alpha subunit of hCG is similar to
LH
FSH
TSH

(beta subunit is unique)
functions of hCG
- stimulates progesterone production by corpus luteum
- stimulates Leydig cells of fetus to make T
- can be used to stimulate ovulation
low levels of estiol associated with
- fetal demise
- anencephaly
- metarnal ingestion of corticosteroids
- CAH
- placental sulfatase deficiency
decline in estriol or no increased levels associated with
- maternal renal disease
- hypertensive disease during pregnancy
- preeclampsia and eclampsia
- intrauterine growth retardation
2/3 of twins
increase with maternal age
hereditary influence
dizygotic
heroin
severe neonatal withdrawal
death in 3-5% babies
PCP
facial abnormalities
cocaine
congenital malformations
low birthweight
smoking
- increaesed perinatal mortality
- preterm delivery
- premature membrane rupture
- bleeding during pregnancy
alcohol
30% of kids have FAS
intrauterine growth retardation RR=3
behavioral disorders
fetal alcohol syndrome
most common known teratogenic cause of mental retardation

- mental retardation
- growth retardation
- abnormal face
- ocular and joint anomalies
- cardiac defects
teratogens
1. vit A
2. alcohol
3. steroids
4. caffeine
5. live-virus vaccines
6. diphenylhydantoin
7. thalidomide
8. valproic acid
9. streptomycin
10. tatraccline
11. diethylostilbestrol
developmental stages in teratology
0-11: resistant
11-57: max susceptibility (embryonic)
57 on: lower susceptibility (fetal)
-- growth retardation
-- reduction of organ size
-- functional derangement of organ system
birth defects cause in....%
teratogenic agent in ....%
3%

50%
safe antibiotics
prenicillin
ampicillin
amoxicillin
antibiotics with increased CV defects
trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole
aka bactrim or septra
tetracyclin
brown tooth discoloration
inhibition of bone growth in premies
aminoglycosides
congenital deafness
triad of infection
- chorioretinitis
- hydrocephaly or microcephaly
- cerebral calcification
etiology of infertility
anovulation 10-15%
pelvic factor 30-40%
male factor 30-40%
abnormal penetration of cervical mucus by sperm 10-15%
unexplained 10%
Most common viral infection causing malformations
CMV
Infects 1-2% of all infants in utero
Congenital cataracts caused by
Alcohol
Rubella virus (if infection during 6th wk)
CMV
Most common infection to cause hydrocephaly
Toxoplasmosis – caused by protozoan
Testes and ovaries develop from three sources
-Mesothelium lining the posterior abdominal wall
-Underlying mesenchyme
-The primordial germ cells
Indifferent gonad contains external cortex and internal medulla
XX – medulla regresses
XY – cortex regresses
5 tropic hormones
TSH
FSH
ACTH
LH
MSH
function of FSH and LH in males
FSH - sertoli cells to make ABP (androgen binding protein - receptor for T)

LH - leydig cells to make T
semen comes from
2/3 seminal vesicles
1/3 prostate
few drops bulbourethral

slightly basic
carro
car
rojo
red
es el carro rojo?
is the car red?