Embryo 6.4

Front 1

The skeletal and muscular systems develop mostly from the embryonic ?

What cells form the facial skeleton?

Back 1

mesoderm


neural crest cell => facial skeleton

Front 2

What mesoderm forms the VISCERAL (musculature of the gut) and SOMATIC (contributes with the dermatome, to form the dermis) portions?

Back 2

Lateral mesoderm

Front 3

Intermediate Mesoderm gives rise to the future site for development of the ? system

Back 3

Genitourinary

area is called aka NEPHROTOME

Front 4

Paraxial mesoderm forms ? and ? which will form the most of the skeletal and muscular systems.

Back 4

somitomeres

somites

Front 5

Around DAY ? the paraxial mesoderm begins to segment in a cranio caudal orientation beginning at the neck or cervical region.

Back 5

Day 20

Front 6

SOMITES organize into what three regions of mesoderm?

Back 6

Sclerotome

Myotome

Dermatome

Front 7

? is unregulated in the ventral portion of the SOMITE is a maker of the presumptive SCLEROTOME

Back 7

PAX1

Front 8

in response to ? , PAX1 positive ventral SOMITE cells separate to become a loosely associated mass migrating toward the notochord.

Back 8

Shh

Front 9

What part of the somties will become the BONE and CARTILAGE components?

Back 9

Sclerotome

Front 10

The skull is divided into the ? which surrounds the brain and the ? which makes up the facial skeleton

Back 10

Neurocranium = surrounds brain


Viscerocranium = facial skeleton

Front 11

NEUROCRANIUM is derived from ? and ?

Back 11

Occipital Somites

Somitomeres

Front 12

Neurocranium is subdivided into the ? (cranial vault), and the ? (base of the skull)

Back 12

membranous neurocranium (cranial vault)

cartilaginous neurocranium (base of the skull)

Front 13

How are the flat bones of the skull formed from mesoderm?

Back 13

Membranous Ossification

Front 14

flat bones of the skull are separated by CT seams called ?

Back 14

sutures

Front 15

? plays a critical role in suture FORMATION and abnormalities in the RECEPTOR is associated with FUSION of the sutures or craniosynostosis.

Back 15

FGF = suture formation


FGF Receptor = fusion of sutures

Front 16

A site where several bones meet a wide connective tissue bridge is called ?

Back 16

Fontanelle

Front 17

At what age does the Posterior Fontanelle (2 parietal + occipital bone) close?

Back 17

3 months of age

Front 18

at what age does the Anterior Fontanelle (2 parietal + 2 frontal bones) close?

Back 18

18 months of age

Front 19

? is derived from mesoderm surrounding the Notochord and Occipital Sclerotomes.

Back 19

Cartilaginous neurocranium

Front 20

DORSAL portion of the FIRST ARCH gives rise to the ?

Back 20

Maxillary Process
-Maxilla Bone
-Zygomatic Bone
-Temporal Bone

Front 21

VENTRAL portion of the FIRST ARCH is the ?

Back 21

Mandibular Process

gives rise to the MANDIBLE!!


--dorsal portion of the first arch is the maxillary process

Front 22

abnormalities in the Dorsal Tip of the FIRST ARCH (mandibular process) will affect what bones?

Back 22

Malleus

Incus

Front 23

abnormalities in the Dorsal Aspect of the SECOND ARCH will affect what bone?

Back 23

Stapes

Front 24

What bone is the First to begin ossification?

What bone is the First to COMPLETE ossification?

Back 24

CLAVICLE = first to begin ossification

BONES OF MIDDLE EAR = first to COMPLETE ossification!!!

Front 25

True or False

Paranasal sinuses have already developed.

Back 25

FALSE

paranasal sinuses have NOT yet developed

Front 26

the most VENTRAL cells of each SOMITE below the occipital region migrate toward the Notochord and condense into segmentally arranged ?

Back 26

Primary Sclerotomes

Front 27

PRIMARY SCLEROTOMES differentiation into what 2 portions?

How does the SECONDARY or DEFINITIVE SCLEROTOME form?

Back 27

Less Cellular Cranial portion
Dense Cellular Caudal portion

caudal portion drifts and fuses with adjacent cranial sclerotome to form secondary/definitive sclerotome

Front 28

What gives rise to the Nucleus Pulposus?

What gives rise to the Annulus Fibrosus?

Back 28

Notochord


loose ring of Mesodermal Cells

Front 29

The ribs are extensions of the developing thoracic vertebra and thus develop from the ?

Back 29

Sclerotome

Front 30

? is a disruption of normal endochondral ossification and leads to DWARFISM

Back 30

achondroplasia

Front 31

Hyperpituitarism (increased GH) can cause ? (enlargement of the face, hands, and feet) or ? (overall enlarged growth).

Back 31

Acromegaly (enlargement of the face, hands and feet)


Gigantism (overall enlarged growth)

Front 32

A patient with ACRANIA (cranioschisis) is associated with ? and due to lack of neural induction of the mesoderm to form a cranial vault.

Back 32

Anencephaly (no brain)

Front 33

smaller defects in formation of the cranium can result in herniation of the brain called ? or meninges ?

Back 33

Encephalocele


Meningocele

Front 34

? is usually due to failure of the brain to grow rather than premature closure of all the sutures.

Back 34

Microcephaly

Front 35

FGF-Receptor abnormalities are associated with syndromes of ? and other bony fusions.

Back 35

Craniosynostosis

Front 36

? syndrome is a reduction int he number of cervical vertebrae.

Back 36

Klippel-Feil Syndrome

Front 37

Failure of a large number of vertebral arches to fuse is called ?

Back 37

Rachischisis

Front 38

A patient with SCOLIOSIS may have what abnormality in the vertebra?

Back 38

hemivertebra

1/2 of a vertebra (laterally) fails to form.

Front 39

NEURAL TUBE secretes ? proteins that stimulate cells of the MYOTOME to become ?

Back 39

Wnt proteins

epaxial muscles

Front 40

true or false

Myotome are MyoD transcription factor POSITIVE

Back 40

True

Front 41

? proteins from the dorsal ectoderm and ? from the lateral plate mesoderm induce the nearest Myotome cells to migrate ventrally for the body wall and limbs.

Back 41

Wnt proteins

BMP lateral plate mesoderm

Front 42

As the cells migrate they elongate and form a spindle shape becoming identifiable as ?

Back 42

Myoblasts

they fuse to form the definitive multinucleated MUSCLE FIBERS

Front 43

Facial Connective Tissue is derived from ?

Occipital and Cervical Connective Tissue is derived from ?

Back 43

Neural Crest Cells


Somites

Front 44

CT and the body wall and limbs is derived from the ?

Back 44

SOMATIC MESODERM of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm (LPM)

Front 45

by the end of the ? week the myotome has arranged into a small dorsal portion called ? and a ventral primary ramus called ?

Back 45

Epimere (dorsal primary ramus)


Hypomere (ventral primary ramus)

Front 46

the EPIMERE forms the ? muscles

HYPOMERE forms the ? muscles

Back 46

EXTENSOR = epimere


FLEXORS = hypomere