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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the epiblast? When does it develop?
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The epiblast (precursor to ectoderm) invaginates to form primitive streak. Cells from the primitive streak grive rise to both intraembryonic mesoderm and part of the endoderm.
2 weeks |
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What is the neural tube finished forming?
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closes by week 4
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What is derived from the surface ectoderm?
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Rathke's Pouch --> Adenohyphysis --> Anterior Pituitary
glands lining of cavities |
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What is derived from the neuroectoderm?
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Brain (CNS, oligiodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland)
neurohypophysis |
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What is derived from the neural crest?
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ANS
dorsal root ganglia cranial nerves celiac ganglion melanocytes chromaffin cells parafollicular cells Schwann cells pia and arachnoid bones of skun odontoblast AP SEPTUM |
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What is derived frrom the endoderm?
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gut tube epithelium and derivs (lungs, luver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)
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What is derived from the mesoderm?
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muscle
bone spleen (derived from foregut) serous linings CV lymphatics blood bladder urethra vagina kidneys adrenal cortex dermis testes, ovaries |
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What is the notochord?
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induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate). Its postnatal deriv is the nucleus pupolsus
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Teratogenicity of ACE inhibitors?
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renal damage
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Teratogenicity of cocaine?
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cardiovasospasm (abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction; placental abruption)
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Teratogenicity of Lithium?
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Ebstein's anomaly (atrialized right ventricle)
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Teratogenicity of materal diabetes?
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caudal regression syndrome
(anal atresia to sirenomelia) transient hypoglycemia |
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Teratogenicity of smoking?
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preterm labor
plancental abruption |
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Teratogenicity of valproate?
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inhibition of intenstinal folate aborption
(NEED MUCH MUCH MOAR) |
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Teratogenicity of vit A?
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extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)
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Teratogenicity of warfarin?
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bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage
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What is the clinical implication of the absence of the decidua basalis?
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maternal component of the placenta --> placenta accreta
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What are the fetal components of the placenta? What are their functions?
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Cytotrophoblast -- inner layer of chorionic villi (cyto makes cells)
syncytiotrophoblast -- outer later; secretes hCG |
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Describe the circulation of umbilical cord?
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umbilical arteries (2) -- return deox blood from fetal internal iliac ateries to placenta
umbilical vein (1) -- supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus; drains into IVS |
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Why is fetal blood stupid and selfish?
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gamma chains have higher affinity for 2.3 DPG, so they have a higher affinity for O2.
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What happens to fetal circulation at birth?
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At birth, infant takes its first breath; decreased resistance in pulmonary vasculature cayses increased left atrial pressure vs. right atrial pressure; foramen ovale closes. Increase in O2 leads to decrease in prostaglandins, causing closure of ductus arteriosis
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What genetic abnormaltiy is commonly a/w endocardial cushion defects?
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Down's
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What is Eisenmenger's syndrome?
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Uncorrected VSD, ASD, or PDA causes compensatory vascular hypertrophy, which results in progressive pulmonary hypertension. As pulmonary resistance increases, the shunt reverses from L-->R to R--> L, which cause late cyantosis (clubbing and polycythemia)
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What cardiac defect is associated with 22q11 syndromes?
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truncus arteriosis
tetraology of fallor |
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What cardiac defect is a/w Down's syndrome?
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ASD
VSD AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect) |
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What cardiac defect is a/w congenital rubella?
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septal defects
PDA pulmonary artery stenosis |
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What cardiac defect is a/w Turner's syndrome?
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coarctation of the aorta (preductal)
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What cardiac defect is a/w Marfan's syndrome?
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aortic insufficiency (late complication)
aortic dissection, cystic medial necrosis |
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What cardiac defect is a/w materal diabetes?
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transposition of great vessels
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What is aencephaly?
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malformation of anterior end of neural tube; no brain/calvarium, elevated AFP --> polyhydraminos (no swallowing center in brain)
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What is holoproceprosencephaly?
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decreased separation of hemispeheres across midline; results in cyclopia; a/w Patau's syndrome, severe fetal alcohol synfrome, and cleft lip/palate
also SHH |
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What is the branchial apparatus? What is it composed of? What are they derived from?
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Also called pharyngeal apparatus. Composed of brachial clefts, arches, and pouches.
clefts -- ectoderm arches -- mesoderm and neural crest pouches -- endoderm |
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What are the derivatoives of the 1st branchial pouch?
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middle ear cavity
eustachian tube mastoid air cell contributes to endoderm-lined structures of ear |
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What are the derivatives of the 2nd branchial pouch?`
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epithelial lining of palantine tonsil
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What are the derivatorives of the 3rd brnachial pouch (dorsal wings)?
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Inferior parathyoids
3rd oiych contributes to 3 structures (thymus, left and right inferior parathyroids); 3rd pouch structure end up BELOW 4th pouch |
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What are the derivatives of the 3rd branchal pouch (ventral wings)?`
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superior parathyroids
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Describe the development of the thyroid.
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Thyroid diverticulum arises from floor of primitive pharynx, descends into neck. Connected to ongue by thyroglossal duct, which normally disappears but may persist as pyramidal lobe of thyroid. Foramen cecum is normal remnent of thyoglossal duct. Most common ectopic thyriud tissue site is the tongue.
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What is a thyroglossal ducts cuts?
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in midline neck and will move with swallowing (vs. persistent cervical sinus leading to branchial cleft cyst in lateral neck)
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What is cleft lip and palate?
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lip -- failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes
palate -- failure of fusion of the lateral palantine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of 2ndary palate) |
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What cranial nerve innervates the taste of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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facial
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What cranial nerve innervates the taste and sensation in the posterior 1/3?
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glossopharyngeal
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What cranial nerve innervates the motor of tongue?
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hypoglossal
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What cranial nerve innervates sensation of the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
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trigeminal
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What occurs when there is failure of rostral fold closure of anterior ab wall?
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sternal defects
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In whom is duodenal atresia commonly seen?
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Down's
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How does the midgut develop? Pathologies?
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6th week - midgut herniates through umbilical ring
10th week -- returns to ab cavity + rotation around SMA path -- malrotation of midgut, omphalocele, intestinal atresia or stenosis, volvulus |
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From where does the spleen arise? What is its arterial supply?
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Arises from dorsal mesentery (mesoderm), but is supplied by celiac (foregut)
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What is annular pancreas? How does it present?
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ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum; forms a ring of pancreatic tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing
presents with "double bubble." bilious vomiting, ab distention, a/w materal polyhydraminos, Down's, esophageal and duodenal atresia, imperforate anus, and Meckel's. 2/3 of patients remain asymptomatic, symptom at any age -- |
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What develops from the mesonephros?
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male internal structures except prostate
seminal vesicles epididymis ejeculatory duct ductus deferns |
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What does from the paramesonephric duct?
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develops into female internal --
fallopian tube uterus upper 1/3 of vagina (lower 2/3 from urogenital sinus) |
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What is hypospadias?
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abnormal opening of penile urethra on inferior (ventral) side of penis due to failure of urethral folds to close
UTI :( |
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What is epispadias?
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abnormal opening of penis urthra on superior (dorsal) side of penis due to faulty positioning of genital tubercle
a/w extrophy of the bladder (caudal wall fold failure) |
