Embry Class 3 Brain Eye Glands Ej Klar

Front 1

mesencephalon -

Back 1

somatic efferent nuclei of cranial nerve III and IV supplying muscles of eye;
- coordination of vision and hearing
- cerebral peduncles

Front 2

diencephalon

Back 2

thalamus and hypothalamus, retina, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland

Front 3

5 vesicles:

Back 3

telencephalon
mesencephalon
diencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon:

Front 4

Neural tube differentiation in D-V axis

Back 4

1.Alar plate - dorsal SENSORY - afferent (interneurons)
3. Sulcus limitans
2. Basal plate - ventral MOTOR - efferent (motoric neurons)

Front 5

Basal plate kind of neurons?

Back 5

ventral MOTOR - efferent
motoric neurons!

Front 6

Alar plate kind of neurons?

Back 6

dorsal SENSORY - afferent
interneurons!

Front 7

Peripheral nervous system

Back 7

• cranial nerves
• spinal cord nerves

• spinal ganglia
• ganglia of cranial V, VII, IX, X nerves
• autonomic ganglia: sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 8

Proteins which play main role in the regulation of human development:

Back 8

transcription factors, signaling proteins

Front 9

transcription factors do? Examples:

Back 9

regulate genes expression

1. homeodomene
2. zinc finger

Front 10

signaling proteins do? Example

Back 10

– influence on other cells

GF-β family (transforming growth factor)
BMP1-9 (bone morphogenetic proteins)
FGF family (fibroblast growth factor)
Shh
Notch

Front 11

Retinoic acid (RA) is the active form of?
Function?

Back 11

vitamin A
Has many developmental functions e.g. regulates expression of HOX genes, influences neural tube and limbs differentiation

Front 12

Eye develops from

Back 12

Neuroectoderm of forebrain
Surface ectoderm
Mesenchyme from NCC

Front 13

neural retina becomes? (3)

Back 13

1. Rods and cones (photoreceptors)
2. Bipolar neurones
3. Ganglion cells - axons
form optic nerve

Front 14

2 structures of Ciliary body:

Back 14

a) epithelium - optic cup layers
b) stroma - connective tissue muscles come from mesenchyme ( accomodation)

Front 15

Structures of Iris? (4)

Back 15

- epithelium (optic cup layers)
- stroma (mesenchyme)
- dilator of pupillae and sphincter pupillae muscles are from neuroectoderm of the optic cup (control diameter of the pupill)
- melanocytes

Front 16

Vitreous body forms in the cavity of the optic cup and secrete?

Back 16

- colagen fibers
- glucosaminoglicans e.g. hyaluronic acid

Front 17

Vitreous body are from what types of cell?

Back 17

mesenchyme cells

Front 18

Hyaloid artery ?

Back 18

degenarates in vitreous body;
central artery of retina

Front 19

Axons of ganglion cells of retina at 8th week froms?

Back 19

Optic nerve

Front 20

PITUITARY GLAND consist of?

Back 20

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) -

Front 21

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) main structure?

Back 21

Rathke’s pouch

Front 22

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) - main structure?

Back 22

infundibulum

Front 23

infundibulum is?

Back 23

cells from neuroectoderm,
Froms the floor of the diencephalon

Front 24

Rathke’s pouch

Back 24

cells from ectoderm
froms stomodeal roof

Front 25

both ectodermal primordia fuse at?

Back 25

8th week

Front 26

Main hormons of PITUITARY GLAND

Back 26

STH (somatotropin;growth hormone),
ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)
then LH, FSH begins

Front 27

INHIBITION OF GONADOLIBERINE SECRETION REGULATES CIRCADIAN RYTHMS
Do by which hormone?

Back 27

MELATONIN -

Front 28

Anencephaly,

Back 28

absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development.

It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close,

usually between the 23rd and 26th day of conception.

Front 29

Meningoencephalocele

Back 29

protrusion of both meninges (membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord) and brain tissue through a defect in the skul

Front 30

Spina bifida

Back 30

developmental congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube.
If the opening is large enough, this allows a portion of the spinal cord to protrude through the opening in the bones

Front 31

Most common form of spin bifida?

Back 31

Myelomeningocele

Front 32

Myelomeningocele

Back 32

This type of spina bifida often results in the most severe complications.
In individuals with myelomeningocele, the unfused portion of the spinal column allows the spinal cord to protrude through an opening. The meningeal membranes that cover the spinal cord form a sac enclosing the spinal elements.

Front 33

myelocele is a part of what?
What happens?

Back 33

spin bifida
the open neural plate is covered secondarily by epithelium and the neural plate has spread out onto the surface.

Front 34

Holoprosencephaly

Back 34

the prosencephalon (the forebrain of the embryo) fails to develop into two hemispheres.

in most cases of holoprosencephaly, the malformations are so severe that babies die before birth

Front 35

Wall of ”embryo” at 18 days?

Back 35

Amnion

Front 36

The neural groove is within?

Back 36

Neural plate

Front 37

Lateral to neural groove and posterior to Neural plate?

Back 37

Somites (square structures in the middle)

Front 38

Primitive streak ”opens” after?

Back 38

22 days, same time as neural groove

Front 39

Wall of neural plate?

Back 39

Neural fold

Front 40

Neural tube - Anterior neuropore closed at?

Back 40

25-26 days

Front 41

Neural tube - Posterior neuropore closed at?

Back 41

27-28 days

Front 42

Anterior/Posterior neuropore are?

Back 42

Located at the front and back of Neural tube, Front is more wide

Front 43

2/3 of Neural tube differentiation into?

Back 43

neural plate (brain)

Front 44

1/3 of Neural tube differentiation into?

Back 44

Spinal cord

Front 45

flexures of neural plate?

Back 45

midbrain, cervical,pontine

Front 46

Neural tube is divided into:

Back 46

prosomeres (forebrain) rhombomeres (hindbrain)

Front 47

Cells in the cranial part of neural tube proliferate - after 4th week we have?

Back 47

3 vesicles:

Front 48

3 vesicles after 4th week?

Back 48

Forebrain - (prosencephalon),
Midbrain - (mesencephalon),
Hindbrain - (rhombencephalon)

Front 49

Optics comes from?

Back 49

Forebrain

Front 50

After how long do we have 5 vesicles?

Back 50

6 weeks

Front 51

What kind of cells come directly from mesenchyme cells?

Back 51

microglial cells

Front 52

Neurons comes from?

Back 52

neuroblasts

Front 53

The three main cell types from glioblasts:

Back 53

oligodendro cytes,astrocytes,ependym ocytes

Front 54

neuroepithelium leads to two diffent cell types:

Back 54

glioblasts and neuroblasts

Front 55

neuroepithelium comes from?

Back 55

mesenchyme

Front 56

The ventricles are lined by?

Back 56

ependymal epithelium and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Front 57

CSF is formed in?

Back 57

choroid plexuses.

Front 58

Mesenchyme surrounding neural tube forms?

Back 58

meninges:

Front 59

Neurogenesis:

Back 59

Proliferation and differentiation of cells.

Front 60

Cells in the neural tube proliferate into:

Back 60

neuroepithelium

Front 61

The brain cortex has six layers - which migrate first?

Back 61

the most inner migrate first.

Front 62

Neuroblasts migrate on?

Back 62

the radial cells

Front 63

In the migration adhesion molecules play significant role - example?

Back 63

N-cadherin

Front 64

Neuroblasts migrate from ?? toward the?

Back 64

from ventricular zone to the periphery forming layers in the brain cortex and cerebral cortex.,

Front 65

Neurons loose ability to proliferation - when?

Back 65

during the fetal time.

Front 66

Histogenesis of brain cortex - After 1-2 months we have?

Back 66

Primitive cortex

Front 67

Histogenesis of brain cortex - After 3-7 months we have?

Back 67

neocortex

Front 68

Histogenesis of brain cortex - After 1-2 months what happens

Back 68

cell proliferate and migrate; layers formation

Front 69

Histogenesis of brain cortex - After 7 months what happens?

Back 69

neurons specialization

Front 70

Glial cells have ability to proliferation during?

Back 70

postnatal time.

Front 71

This growth is under influence of many factors e.g:

Back 71

NGF (nerve growth factor) secreted by target cells e.g. muscles.

Front 72

the outgrowth of axons and dendrites starts when?

Back 72

When neurones take theirs final position

Front 73

Adhesion molecules e.g. ??? are involved in the process of?

Back 73

N-, E-cadherins -> neurites movement.

Front 74

From day 28 (week 4) we have Motoric neurones with/without?

Back 74

”Clean”, without axons or any outgrowths

Front 75

after 33 days we have Motoric neurones with/without?

Back 75

Axones growth into myotomes

Front 76

Axons of motoric neurones comes when?

Back 76

after 30 days

Front 77

Myelination of nervous fibres in the peripheral nervous system(PNS): By which cells?

Back 77

lemmocytes (from NCC)

Front 78

Myelination of nervous fibres in the peripheral nervous system(PNS): when?

Back 78

4th month fetus

Front 79

Myelination of nervous fibres in the central nervous system: By which cells?

Back 79

oligodendrocytes (neural tube)

Front 80

Myelination of nervous fibres in the central nervous system: When?

Back 80

7 mouth fetus to two year old child

Front 81

Brain weight after birth is about?

Back 81

1/4 final weight,

Front 82

Two types of Cells of ganglia?

Back 82

Uni and Multipolar neuron

Front 83

level of the end of the spinal cord - 8 weeks:

Back 83

End of spinal column, (end of coccyx)

Front 84

level of the end of the spinal cord - week 24 weeks:

Back 84

S1

Front 85

level of the end of the spinal cord - newborn:

Back 85

L3

Front 86

level of the end of the spinal cord - adult:

Back 86

L1

Front 87

Shh stands for?

Back 87

sonic hedgehog

Front 88

One of the most important signaling protein in development is?

Back 88

shh

Front 89

shh Secreted by?

Back 89

notochord, primitive node, floor plate in the nervous system.

Front 90

Morphogen is a?

Back 90

a signaling molecule that acts directly on cells produce specific cellular responses dependent on morphogen concentration.

Front 91

Morphogen gradients generate?

Back 91

different cell types

Front 92

Examples of morphogens:

Back 92

Shh,
BMP (D-V neural tube differentiation)
retinoic acid (RA)

Front 93

Most important gene in eye development?

Back 93

Pax-6

Front 94

22 days what happens in eye development?

Back 94

optic groove : evagination of the forebrain (diencephalon)

Front 95

5 weeks what happens in eye development?

Back 95

optic cup inner layer-Retina outer layer-pigmented epithelium of retina

Front 96

Retina differentiation time?

Back 96

9 - 25 weeks

Front 97

Inner layer - proliferation of cells 4/5 into?

Back 97

neural retina

Front 98

Inner layer - proliferation of cells 1/5 into?

Back 98

epithelium of iris and ciliary body

Front 99

Outer layer - developes into?

Back 99

pigmented epithelium of retina

Front 100

Lens placode 4th week - what happens?

Back 100

optic vesicle induces lens formation

Front 101

What happens with lens after 5 weeks?

Back 101

connection with surface ectoderm is lost

Front 102

three major parts of lens?

Back 102

Lens placode, Lens pit, Lens vesicle:

Front 103

Lens formation -7 weeks - what happens?

Back 103

cells from posterior wall of lens vesicle elongate in the anterior epithelium direction to form primary lens fibers

Front 104

Anterior epithelium of lens consist of?

Back 104

one layer cuboidal epithelium

Front 105

The first choroidal blood vessels appear during?

Back 105

15th week; by 22nd week arteries and veins are well visible.

Front 106

begining of development of cornea - when?

Back 106

10th week

Front 107

Three cell types of cornea at 15 weeks?

Back 107

surface ectoderm, mesenchyme, neural crest cells

Front 108

Growth hormone is secreted from?

Back 108

10th week, the rest from 12th week.

Front 109

cytodifferentiation of cells producing hormones happens when?

Back 109

8th week

Front 110

SUPRARENAL GLANDS are also called?

Back 110

ADRENAL

Front 111

SUPRARENAL GLANDS - what happens at week 5?

Back 111

cells from mesothelium (lateral mesoderm) proliferate, migrate and form the fetal cortex - large acidophilic cells

Front 112

SUPRARENAL GLANDS - what happens at week 8?

Back 112

migration of neural crest cells (NCC) to the medial side of the fetal cortex to form medulla.

Front 113

SUPRARENAL GLANDS - what happens at week 12?

Back 113

next wave of mesodermal cells surrounding the fetal cortex differentiate into permanent cortex - lower basophilic (alkaliphilic) cells

Front 114

Permanent cortex in the fetal period secretes mainly?

Back 114

GLUCOCORTICOIDS (e.g. cortisol).

Front 115

Hormones necessary to maturation of: lungs liver and epithelium of the digestive tract. -
secreated by which gland?

Back 115

ADRENAL gland

Front 116

In the fetus the cortex of adrenal glands consists of? %

Back 116

, 80% of these glands mass

Front 117

At 5th month its weight of adrenal gland is?

Back 117

4g and production of hormones is 200mg/day

Front 118

The fetal adrenal cortex produces a?

Back 118

precursor for the steroid hormones synthesis by the placenta.

Front 119

PINEAL GLAND (EPIPHYSIS) - what happens at 7th week?

Back 119

diverticulum of the caudal part of the roof of the diencephalon

Front 120

PINEAL GLAND (EPIPHYSIS) - what happens after 6 months?

Back 120

pinealoblasts and glial cells

Front 121

hormones synthesis occurs in the fetal endocrinal glands after?

Back 121

12 weeks

Front 122

Common hormoms of endocrinal glands?

Back 122

thyroid, adrenals, gonads, pancreatic islets.

Front 123

telencephalon:

Back 123

cerebral hemispheres

Front 124

metencephalon:

Back 124

pons and cerebellum

Front 125

myelencephalon:

Back 125

medulla oblongata

Front 126

Somites:

Back 126

somites are bilaterally paired blocks of mesoderm that form along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo in segmented animals.

Front 127

Retina differentiation timeline?

Back 127

9 - 25 weeks

Front 128

Primordial muscles?

Back 128

myotomes

Front 129

Sensory nervs come from

Back 129

NCC

Front 130

Rhombomeres influence?

Back 130

Migration of NNC to pharyngeal arches
(where above the neural tube before)

Front 131

Ganglia comes from?

Back 131

NCC