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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Daily Exposure to EM Radiation
Natural Sources |
Sun
Earth’s magnetic field |
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Daily Exposure to EM Radiation
Manufactured Sources |
Computers
Power lines Telephones Radio |
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Frequency
how are frequency and wavelength related? |
Frequency and wavelength are inversely related.
As frequency increases, wavelength decreases |
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Frequency
examples of low frequency |
Diathermy, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light & Ultraviolet
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Frequency
examples of high frequency |
X-rays, Gamma Ray
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Intensity
when is the intensity of any EM Radiation the greatest? |
The intensity of any electromagnetic radiation is greatest when the beam is close to the patient and perpendicular to the surface of the skin
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Arndt-Schulz Law for non-thermal effect
main idea |
A certain minimum stimulus is needed to initiate a biological process. Although a slightly stronger stimulus may produce greater effects, beyond a certain level, stronger stimuli will have a progressively less positive effect and at yet higher levels will become inhibitory.
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Ultraviolet Radiation
what specialty uses this modality most? |
Most commonly used by dermatologists for skin conditions
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Ultraviolet Radiation
what do its non thermal effect promote? |
Non-thermal effect of improved cell permeability and cellular reactions
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Ultraviolet Radiation
what are the following types used for? UVA UVB UVC |
UVA- fluorescence
UVB- skin erythema UVC – kills bacteria |
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Ultraviolet Radiation
what are the drawbacks for its use? |
Machine needs warm up time
Both therapist and patient must use eye protection The power of the output of the lamps vary greatly. Research on bacteria effects have been varied |
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Effects of Ultraviolet light
what causes SKIN ERYTHEMA |
Skin erythema is due to dilation of superficial blood vessels caused by the release of histamines
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Effects of Ultraviolet light
what is tanning secondary to? |
Tanning is secondary to melanin. Protective response by the body
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Effects of Ultraviolet light
what is EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA? |
Epidermal hyperplasia, thickening of skin as protective response
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Effects of Ultraviolet light
what is VITAMIN D used to treat? |
Vitamin D synthesis – To treat Rickets. Vit D is needed for calcium absorption
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Clinical Indications of UV LIGHT
how does it affect psoriasis? |
Inhibits hyperproliferation of epidermal cells. Commonly used with sensitizing medication. PUVA
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Clinical Indications of UV LIGHT
how does it affect WOUND HEALING? |
Wound Healing- UVC. Enhanced epithelialization. Destroys bacteria. Staph, MRSA. In research article used one treatment of 3 minutes with frequency of 200-290nm
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Contraindications for the use of UV LIGHT
5 points |
Over the eyes
Skin Cancer Tuberculosis, cardiac, kidney or liver disease Lupus Fever |
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Precautions for the use of UV LIGHT
2 points |
Photosensitizing Meds – acne meds and some antibiotics
Excessive erythemal response |
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Adverse effects of UV LIGHT
4 points |
Burning
Aging of the skin Carcinogenesis Eye damage – must use goggles |
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Application of UV LIGHT
what is the MINIMAL ERYTHEMAL DOSE (MED) |
the smallest dose producing erythema within 6-8 hours after exposure that disappears within 24 hours.
60 cm away 30 seconds each shape |
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Application of UV LIGHT
how must exposure time be adjusted? |
Exposure time will need to be increase approx 25% each visit secondary to skin reaction. Max of 5 minutes
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Application of UV LIGHT
how often can UV be performed? |
UV can be performed everyday if erythemal response has disappeared
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Far Infrared
what is it? |
Superficial heat
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Far Infrared
how do tissue contours affect its use? |
variation in tissue heat secondary to contours
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Far Infrared
how long must the lamp warm up prior to use? |
Lamp must warm up 5-10 minutes
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Far Infrared
how far should the lamp be placed from the area to be treated? |
Begin with distance of 36 inches perpendicular to the treatment area
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Far Infrared
how long is the treatment time, usually? |
15-20 minutes
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Continuous Short Wave Diathermy
what is the frequency usually pre-set at? |
Frequency of 10 MHz-100MHz, usually pre- set at 27.12 MHz
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Continuous Short Wave Diathermy
what is is the wavelength pre-set at? |
Wavelength of 30 meters to 3 meters; preset
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Continuous Short Wave Diathermy
what is the range (watts) of the intensity and how long is the treatment? |
Intensity: 20-70 watts, mild warmth, 20 minutes
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Continuous Short Wave Diathermy
what are the two types? |
2 types: capacitive plates, coil
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Continuous Short Wave Diathermy
how does it work? |
Causes charged particles to oscillate, leading to friction, leading to heat
Increased tissue temperature superficial and deep tissues |
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Pulsed Diathermy
what does it increase? |
Pulsed diathermy increases
microvascular perfusion for healing. |
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Pulsed Diathermy
for ACUTE, what are the following parameters: PULSE WIDTH FREQUENCY INTENSITY/TIME |
pulse width: 65 microseconds
frequency: 10 Hz intensity: 50-100 watts, 30 minutes |
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Pulsed Diathermy
for CHRONIC, what are the following parameters: PULSE WIDTH FREQUENCY INTENSITY/TIME |
Chronic: pulse width 200 microseconds
frequency: 50 Hz intensity: 100-150 watts, 30 minutes |
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Indications for DIATHERMY
specific indication for the use of COIL APPLICATOR 4 points |
Pain relief
Reducing muscle spasm Increasing extensibility of tissue through heating Increasing blood flow |
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Indications for DIATHERMY
specific indication for the use of PULSED 2 points |
Tissue healing
Wounds |
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Contraindications for the use of DIATHERMY
8 points |
Implanted transcutaneous neural stimulators
Metal implants, metal table, mattress, wheelchair Pacemakers, hearing aides, watches Malignancy Pregnancy Eyes Testes Growth plates |
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Precautions for the use of DIATHERMY
4 points |
Electronic or magnetic equipment in the vicinity
Obesity, especially with plate electrodes that heat the superficial, fat layer Copper IUD Remove all jewelery |
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Special precautions for the use of DIATHERMY for the PTA
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PTA precaution secondary to prolonged exposure, especially when pregnant.
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LASER
what does the acronym stand for? |
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
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LASER
what does its complicated theory result in? |
Complicated theory, which ends with photon emission.
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LASER
how many wavelengths does true laser have? |
True LASER has only one wavelength
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LASER
what increases with a longer wavelength? |
The longer the wavelength, the deeper the penetration
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LASER
what are optimal wavelength settings for skin penetration? |
Clinical wavelength: 600-1300nm for optimal skin penetration
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LASER
how deeply does it penetrate? |
Penetrates 1 mm-4 cm
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LASER
what does its use promote? |
Promotes chemical reactions, such as increased production of ATP for healing and RNA for collagen production. Cloudy mechanism for healing
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LASER - ENERGY
how is its intensity measured? |
Intensity measured .05-16 J/cm2
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LASER - ENERGY
what is the use of HIGH INTENSITY LASERS? |
High intensity is hot laser; for incisions, cauterizing
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LASER - ENERGY
what is the use of LOW INTENSITY LASERS |
Low intensity – cold laser; for rehab
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LASER - ENERGY
intensity to promote healing of soft tissue |
<35 J/cm2 to facilitate healing of soft tissue
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LASER - ENERGY
intensity for acute injuries |
.05-1 J/cm2 for acute injury
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Possible Indications for the use of LASERS
5 points |
Tissue Healing: Soft tissue and bone
Arthritis Lymphedema Neurological conditions; alter NCV Pain |
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Cluster Light Probe Super Luminous Diode (SLD) w/IR light
how many diodes and at what frequencies? |
Contains various diodes with different wavelengths.
4 red diodes at 660nm 32 IR SLD’s at 880nm |
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Contraindications for the use of LASER
5 points |
Direct irradiation of the eyes
Malignancy Within 6 months of radiotherapy Hemorrhage Over thyroid or endocrine glands |
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Precautions for the use of LASERS
5 points |
Pregnancy
Epiphyseal plates Impaired sensation, mentation Abnormal sensitivity to light Photosensitizers |
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what is ELECTROMYOGRAPHY used for?
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Electromyography is a technique to measure the electrical activity of muscle
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what is the term used to describe the electrical signals in muscle tissue?
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Muscle tissue like nerves conduct electrical signals. These electrical signals are called “action potentials”.
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how are muscle action potentials measured?
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They are measured by the surface electrodes, displayed on the screen and are amplified into audio sounds that the patient can hear.
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what is a MUSCLE CONTRACTION a collection of?
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Muscle Contraction is a collection of Motor Unit Action Potentials
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is the number of muscle fibers per motor unit constant with all muscle?
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Number of muscle fibers per motor units vary widely
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do action potentials come from only certain motor units?
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Action potentials are given off by each motor unit activated during a contraction
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