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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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full name of DNA
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deoxy ribo nucleic acid
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who discovered DNA? what did they describe it as? what is it made up of?
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-Watson and Crick with Rosalind Franklin
-described as "double helix" -made of of units called Nucleotides |
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what are Nucleotides?
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make up strands of DNA
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how are Nucleotides bonded?
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covalentely
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two properties of Nucleotides bonding
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1.Sugar of one bonds with phosphate of another
2.Creates a “sugar-phosphate backbone" |
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three components of Nucleotides
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1.phosphate group
2. sugar 3. nitrogen-containing base |
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4 nitrogen bases
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Adenine
Thyminie Cytosine Guanine |
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what bonds with adenine?
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thyminie
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what bonds with cytosine?
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guanine
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what does Uracil do?
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replaces Thymine during transcription
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what is genome
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complete DNA
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what is chromosomes
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a piece of DNA
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what is a gene
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specific sequence of DNA
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what is a allele
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different forms of the same gene
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what is genotypes
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whats in the genes
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what is phenotype
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-physical manifestations
-what you see on the person |
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what is transcription
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transfer of genetic info from DNA to RNA
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what is translation
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transfer of genetic nfo from RNA into proteins
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what do amino acids produce?
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proteins
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what do proteins create?
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physical characteristics
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3 types of mutations
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errors in cell division
radiation (UV) chemical induced (smoking) |
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what is sickel cell anemia
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1 in 12 african american's have it
causes pain due to blood clots |
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what is biotechnology
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modifying organisms for practical purposes
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what are the 5 steps in biotechnology
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chop
amplify insert grow identify |
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how can inserting bacteria into DNA be good?
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bacteria helps the DNA grow faster
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what are 3 things impacted by genetic engineering
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human health
agriculture forensic science |
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what type of bacteria was diabetes insulin first produced from
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e.coli
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biotechnology in agriculture(4)
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-increasing food nutrition
-pest resistant plants -herbicide resistant plants -faster growth and bigger bodied meat products |
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what happens as a lack of vitamin A
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blindness
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4 things DNA can be obtained from
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body fluids
skin blood digestive system |
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if genetically mutated salmon escapes what could be a result?
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it messes up the natural ecology of other salmon populations
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what percentage of these are genetically mutated:
corn cottom soybeans |
45%
76% 85% |
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what type of cells are stem cells?
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undifferentiated cells
-have not be given a job yet (liver cell, hair cell) |
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when was the first transplant using stem cells
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2008
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what diseases can stem cells cure?
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Parkinson's
Paralysis |
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how do prokaryotes divide
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binary fission (aesexual)
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3 properties of prokaryotic cell division
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-parent and daughter cell
-short generation time -less chromosomal material (less DNA to have to split apart) |
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what are somatic cells
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body cells
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what are reproductive cells
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sperm and egg
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what has to occur first in cell division
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cell replication
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what do eukaryotic cells go through in cell division
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cell cycle
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2 properties of dna replication
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-during interphase of cell cycle
-must double information prior to division |
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two steps of dna replication
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1.unwinding state-Dna has to unzip itself (pull apart)
2. replication stage-single strands become double, enzymes connect appropriate bases |
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what has to be "doubled" during dna replication
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chromosomes, 42 becomes 92
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3 properties of mitosis
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-replaces dead cells
-allows for growth -somatic cells only |
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5 phases of mitosis
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interphase
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
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2 prop. of interphase
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-normal cell activity
-DNA replication occurs prior to mitosis |
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3 prop. of prophase
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-chromosomes condesnse
-nuclear membrane breaks down -spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids |
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what does "meta" mean?
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metal
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1 prop. of metaphase
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sister chromatid line up in center
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1 prop. of anaphase
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chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles
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3 prop. of telophase
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-new nuclear membranes form around chromosomes
-cleavage appears -cytokinesis occurs |
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3 props. of cancer
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-out of control cell division
-caused by mutagens, x-rays, nucleur radiation, viruses -tumors: benign vs. malignant |
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what is metastasis
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when cancer cells seperate from a tumor and spread throughout the body
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4 treatment options to cancer
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-removal of affected area
-chemotherapy -radiation -prevention |
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what is meiosis
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sex cell division
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what are gametes
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sperm and egg
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2 prop. of meiosis
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-requires 2 parents
-haploid (23) vs. diploid (46) |
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2 important outcomes of meiosis
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-reduction of genetic material
-variation of alleles |
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2 prop. of meiosis 1
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-similar to mitosis
-prophase 1 significance (crossing over) |
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2 prop of meiosis 2
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-no duplication
-end result is 4 haploid cells |
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4 prop. of the sex chromosome
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-in humans determined by father
-x=male y=female -y doesn't contain essential info -varies for other species |
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karyotyping
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number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
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who do you receive alleles from
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both parents
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You have __ pairs of chromosomes
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23
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You have ___ total individual chromosomes
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46
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what is the passing of characteristics of offspring
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heredity
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traits that are determined by the instructions of a person carries on one gene
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single-gene traits
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how many human traits are determined by single-gene traits
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9,000
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3 examples of single-gene traits
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cleft chin
unattached earlobes widows peak |
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who is considered the father of genetics
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gregor mendell
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what organism did gregor mendell study
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garden pea
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how many traits were studied in garden peas
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7 traits with 2 variants each
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what 3 features were critical to Gregor Mendells success
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1.distinct population established
2. pea plant the ideal study organism 3. numerous easily categorized traits w/ 2 variates each |
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what does the law of segregation state
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of the 2 copies of each gene everyone carries only one of the two alleles gets put into gamete
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adult height in humans is determined by many different genes. This trait is said to be ___
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polygenic
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why might computer nerds be more likely to have autistic children
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behavioral traits are influenced by multiple genes
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why are more men than women red-green color blind
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Men only have one X chromosome and women have two, so men only have one chance to inherit the normal gene
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name an environmental affect on the genetic make-up of a Siamese cat
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heat sensitive fur colors
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how does heat sensitive fur colors help the animal
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darker fur protects from cold weather
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the law of independent assortment. does it hold true to time?
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-neither trait influences the inheritance pattern for the other traits are inherited independent of each other
-No because genes are carried on chromosomes |
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why could having the D4DR gene cause insurance rate to go up or cause a possible employer to discriminate against you
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-an increase use and abuse of alcohol or drugs
-impulsive behavior |
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where is the D4DR gene located
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on human chromosome 11
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incomplete dominance
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occurs when a heterozygote exhibits an intermediate phenotype between two homozygotes.
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co-dominance in sickle-cell anemia. is there a benefit?
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co-dominance occurs when a heterozygote displays characteristics of both homozygouos parents
-the heterozygous state can resist parasites in malaria |
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4 types of blood. which one is the universal donor?
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A, B, AB, O
Type O |
